3. Environment is everything that is around us. It can be consisted of living or
non-living things. It includes physical, chemical and other natural forces. Living
things live in their environment. They constantly interact with it and adapt
themselves to conditions in their environment. In the environment there are
different interactions between animals, plants, Insects soil, water, and other
living and non-living things
Environment
3
4. Factor
Factor is a substance that takes part in a biochemical reaction or a
biological process or A component in the environment that
influence other components of the environment.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factor or ecological factor is any factor, abiotic or
biotic, that influences living organisms.
4
5. Abiotic factors are non-living chemical and physical parts of the
environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of
ecosystems.
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic components include physical conditions and non-living
resources that affect living organisms in terms of growth,
maintenance, and reproduction. Resources are distinguished as
substances or objects in the environment required by one organism
and consumed or otherwise made unavailable for use by other
organisms.
5
7. Water (H2O) is a very important
abiotic factor – it is often said
that “water is life.” All living
organisms need water. Plants
must have water to grow. Even
plants that live in the desert
need a little bit of water to
grow. Without water, animals
become weak and confused,
and they can die if they do not
rehydrate.
Water
7
8. Sunlight is the main source of energy on
Earth, which makes it an extremely important
abiotic factor. Sunlight is necessary for
photosynthesis, the process by which plants
convert carbon dioxide (CO2) and water to
oxygen (O2) and sugar food for the plants
that later becomes food for animals. Without
the sun, plants could not live, and without
plants, animals could not live! The sun’s heat
is also extremely important – see the section
on Temperature below.
Sunlight
8
9. Oxygen (O2) is another important
abiotic factor for many living
organisms. Without oxygen,
Respiration is no possible for living
organisms.
Oxygen And Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide(CO2) is another
important abiotic factor for many
living organisms. The green plant
are made their food by
Photosynthesis that’s must need
carbon dioxide(CO2)
9
10. 10
Topography
Topography is a non living
factors that’s refers to the “lay of
the land”. It includes the physical
factors of the earth such as the
land elevation slope terrain (flat,
rolling, hilly etc.), mountains
ranges and body of water. The
altitude of the elevation of the
land with respect to the level of
the sea surface influences plant
growth & development primarily
through temperature effect.
Figure: Topography
11. Soil is often considered an abiotic
factor since it is mostly made up of
small particles of rock (sand and clay)
mixed with decomposed plants and
animals. Plants use their roots to get
water and nutrients from the soil. Soils
are different from place to place – this
can be a big factor in which plants
growth a certain area.
Soil
11
12. 12
The amount of water vapor that the air can
hold depends on its temperature; Warm air
has the capacity to hold more water vapor
than cold air.
Relative Humidity
The relative humidity affects the opening &
closing of the stomata which regulates loss of
water from the plant through transpiration as
well as photosynthesis.
Rainfall
The amount and regularity of rainfall vary with location and climate types and
affect of dominance of certain types of vegetation as well as crop growth and
yields.
13. This abiotic factor influences all the plant growth
processes such as photosynthesis, respiration,
transpiration, breaking of seed dormancy, seed
germination, protein synthesis.
Temperature
13
“Plants survive within a temperature range of 00 to
500 C” (Poincelot 1980).
The favorable or optimum day & night temperature
range for plant growth and maximum yields varies
crop species.
1. Minimum Temperature: 5.50C
2. Maximum Temperature: 550C
3. Optimum Temperature: 23-280C
14. 14
Plant on desertPlant on rainforest
Plant on grassland Plant on Taiga
Plant on Tundra
Plant on Temperate Forest
Plant on Savanna
16. Biotic Factors
Biotic factors are all of the living things
in an ecosystem, such as plants and
animals. These living things interact
with one another in many ways. Biotic
factors and their interactions can be
broken down into three groups:
1:Producers
2:Consumers
3:Decomposers
16
17. 1. Producers. All plants, such as
grass and trees, are producers.
These organisms absorb the
sun’s energy and convert the
energy into food for themselves,
allowing them to grow larger,
make flowers and seeds, etc.
17
18. 2. Consumers: These organisms,
mostly animals, eat producers
and/or other animals. They may
also eat decomposers. Two
examples of consumers are deer
(eat plants) and wolves (eat
animals). Consumers that only eat
plants (herbivores) are often
known as primary consumers.
18
19. 3. Decomposers. These organisms break down dead material (such as a
fallen tree) into soil and return nutrients to the soil so they can be re-used
by producers to create food. An example of a decomposer is a mushroom.
19
20. The effects of these living factors on plant expression may be
advantageous or disadvantageous depending on how they interact
with plant. These interaction include :
2. Mutualism
1. Parasitism
4. Allelopathy
3. Herbivory
20
21. Parasitism is a relationship
between species, where one
organism, the parasite, lives on
or in another organism, the
host, causing it some harm,
and is adapted structurally to
this way of life.
Parasitism
21
22. Mutualism
Mutualism or interspecific cooperation
is the way two organisms of different
species exist in a relationship in which
each individual fitness benefits from the
activity of the other. Similar interactions
within a species are known as co-
operation.
22
23. Herbivory
23
In Herbivory, plant eating organisms
called herbivore, such as ruminant
animals, rodents, insects, and molluscs
feed on plant parts. Herbivores with
significant deleterious affects on crop
growth and yield are called pest.
Damage caused by these biotic factors
are varied such as death of the entire
plant or organs, reduced root, stem,
leaf or inflorescence mass, total
defoliation, bores and holes on plant
parts, and other marks of feeding.
24. Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon
by which an organism produces one or
more biochemicals that influence the
germination, growth, survival, and
reproduction of other organisms. These
biochemicals are known as
allelochemicals and can have beneficial
(positive allelopathy) or detrimental
(negative allelopathy) effects on the
target organisms and the community.
Plant interaction and Allelopathy
24
25. 25
References
1. Cox, C.B. and Moore, P.D. 2014. Biogeography: An Ecological and Evolutionary Approach,
CRC Press, USA.
2. https://www.cropsreview.com/climatic-factors.html
3. http://www.fftimes.com/columns/environmental-factors-affect-plant-growth
