POPULATION

1. ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN HEALTH
HEALTH: -
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of diseases or
infirmity. (WHO – world health organization).
Health comprises of several dimensions: physicalhealth, mental health, social health, spiritual health and
emotional health.
Traditionally the public has viewed good health as the absence of diseases.
HIV/AIDS
What is HIV? What causes AIDS?
HIV stands for HUMAN IMMUNE DEFICIENCY VIRUS and is a virus that can damage the body’s defense
systemso that it cannot fight off certain infections.
AIDS stands for ACCQUIRED IMMUNO DEFICINCY SYNDROME.
An HIV infected person receives a diagnosis of AIDS after developing one of the AIDS indicator illness.
Infection of HIV can weaken the immune systemto the point that it has difficulty fighting of certain infections.
These types of infections are known as “opportunistic infections”.
HIV/AIDS SCENARIO IN INDIA: -
The first HIV positive case was identified in Chennai in 1986. HIV/AIDS is a major threat to India which has
second largest number of people of living with HIV/AIDS after south Africa.
India has the highest HIV infection rate in region with an estimated 0.8% infected adult population. Six of the
states declared as being “high prevalence states” are Tamil Nadu, Andhra, Karnataka, Manipur, Nagaland and
Maharashtra.
HIV TRANSMISSION:
Four main ways in which HIV can be passed on
1) By using needles, syringes or other drug – infecting equipment that is infected with HIV.
2) By having unsafe intercourse with someone who has HIV.
3) From a woman with HIV to her baby (before / during birth) breast feeding.
4) By receiving injected blood, blood products or donate organs as part of medical treatment.
BODY FLUIDS THAT TRANSMIT HIV: -
 Blood
 Semen
 Vaginal fluid
 Breast milk
 Other fluids containing blood
HIV AND AIDS THREATING FACTS: -
 Most people with HIV look and feelhealthy for long time so you can’t tell who has the
virus just looking at them.
 There is no available vaccine against HIV.
 There is no cure for HIV (only increase of life span)
DURATION OF HIV TO CAUSE AIDS: -
Scientists have estimated that about half the people with HIV develop AIDS within 10 years after becoming
infected.
→This time varies greatly from person to person and can depend on many factors
* Including persons health status.
* Health related behaviors.
PREVENTION MEASURES: -
 Control of unsafe sex.
 Awareness programs.
 Use of barrier precautions.
HIV TESTS: -
It consists of an initial screening with two types test commonly used to detect HIV infection.
Most commonly used initial tests are
- Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA)
In addition to EIA OR ELISA western blot othertests now available are

2. - Radio immuno precipitation assay (RIPA)
- Dot blot immuno binding assay
- Immuno fluorescence assay
- Nucleic acid testing
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
POPULATION EXPLOSION
Population explosion refers the sudden and rapid rise in the size of population, especially human population.
It is an unchecked growth of population caused as a result of
- Increased birth rate
- decreased infant mortality rate
-improved life expectancy.
Causes of population explosion: -
Accelerating birth rate: - Due to lack of awareness about the positive impact of using birth control
method there has been a steady growth in birth rate.
Decrease in infant mortality rate: - An improvement in medical science and technology, wide usage of
preventive drugs has reduced the infant mortality rate.
Increase in life expectancy: - Due to improved conditions, better hygiene and sanitation habits, better
nutrition, health education etc. the average life expectancy of human population has improved
significantly.
Increased immigration: - An increase in immigration often contributes towards population explosion,
particularly in developed countries.
Less space than required: - In urban cities it is often found that there is very scope for making
available extra space to absorb the additional population. In such cases a large population is seen
packed into smaller space.
Effects population explosion: -
Over population:
population explosion leads to over population i.e., a condition where population surges to a level that the earth
can accommodate comfortably and poses a threat to the environment.
Unemployment:
In developing countries like India with a backward economy and little scope for fruitful employment, millions
of people find no work to do. The unemployed, having nothing to do and without an ensured living, are left
frustrated and demoralize, losing their faith in their life itself. As it happens in India and several under
developed countries in Asia and Africa the unemployed threats the very process of development and plunge the
country in gloom.
Poverty:
High birth rate, born historically and statistically in associate with poverty and low standards ofliving it be
noticed that poverty is both causes and effects of population explosion. Due to poverty there has been massive
growth of population on otherhand, the large masses of people live in poverty due to over population (poorer
the country greater is the growth rate of its population).
Illiteracy:
The resources available are fixed. The total available resources are shared by the people and in order to meet the
requirement people prefer to engage their children in economic activities rather providing them education.
Population explosion -----> over population ------> depletion of resources (high demand) ------> high prices -----
--> poverty (poor health) ------> illiteracy.
Poor health: If people do not get adequate food and nutrition then they may suffer from poor health.

3. Economy:
People need food, clothes, shelter and occupation to make their living. The demand for consumption should
never exceed the production or resources limit. The economy of any country is negatively impacted, if there is
massive population explosion beyond the tolerance limit.
Pollution and global warming:
Too much population causes too much pressure on earth. These arises excessive demand for finished products
leading to over industrialization and over utilization of resources.
Control measures/initiatives:
The problem of population can be solved only by creating awareness and educating the people to control birth
rates.
The advantages ofadopting to various birth control methods should be properly explained to common people.
ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Information technology has significant hand in improving the status in the fields of environmental education and
human health as compared to that of the other respective areas such as business,economics and culture or
politics.
The emerging growth of the internet services and facilities, GIS, and the data that gets transmitted through
satellites etc. have generated a higher affluence of the updated information on several aspects of the
environment as well as health.
Database on the environment system: -
These includes
National management information system (NMIS)
Environmental information system (ENVIS)
Remote sensing (RS)
Geographical information system (GIS)
The world wide web (WWW)
National management information system:
It has data base compilation related to research and development projects.
Information related to research scientists and personnelfocussing on environmental protection and pollution
control.
Environment information system: -
MOEF – ministry of environment and forest, Govt of India developed an information system known as
ecological information system or Environmental information system (ENVIS). Headquarters located in Delhi
and has its branches all over India.
ENVIS established back in 1982, and since then its main aim is to provide environmental information to
decision makers, engineers, scientists and policy planners that reside in all over the country.
Remote sensing:-
It occurs through satellites. It is Used to predict the natural hazards before time such as floods, droughts,
volcanic eruptions etc.
Usefull techniques exploring the availability of minerals deposits, crude oil and locating other
geothermal power houses.
Geographical information system: -
Most effective tools in the entire environmental management topic.

4. It is a process of superimposing different thematic maps that contain digital information and database
on various elements such as forest land, water resources, soil type, cropland, industrial growth, human
settlement etc. are placed in a layered prospectus in the computer with the help of software.
The world wide web (WWW):
The availability of resources on every aspect things like classroom activities, digital files of photos, web excess,
animations, power point lecture presentations and quiz completions have proved to be more helpful for both the
students and the teachers who laussue environmental studies.
WELFARE PROGRAMS
A social welfare systemprovides assistance to needy individuals and families.
Types and amount of welfare available to individuals and families vary depending on the country,state or
region.
There are 3 most popular welfare programs
-Child welfare programs
-Women welfare programs
-Family welfare programs
Child welfare programs:
Several ministers/ departments of the government of India are implementing various schemes and
programs for the benefits of individuals. Some of the schemes are
Mid-day meal: -
Implemented by departmental of school education and literacy.
Provides hot cooked mid-day meals to children in government school ( 1 to 7)
Integrated child development services: (Launched in 1975)
Objectives are
-To improve nutritional and health status of age group 0 – 6 years.
-To lay foundations for proper psychological physical and social development of
child.
-Reduce the incidence of mal nutrition and school drop outs.
-Provides regular health checkup and education.
Pulse polio immunization program:
-Implemented by ministry of health and family welfare.
-Covers all children below 5 years (polio drops) to eradicate polio virus.
Kasturba - Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya:
-Implemented by department of education.
-Enables opening of 750 special residential schools for girls belonging to SC/ST in order to provide
better education and nutrition.
Sabla scheme:
To improve nutritional and health status of adolescent girls in age group of 11 – 18 and to empower them.
WOMEN WELFARE PROGRAM:
Mother and child tracking system:

5. Launched in 2009
Helps monitor the health care systems ensure that ll mother and children have access to a range of
services including pregnancy care, medical care during delivery and immunization.
The Indira Gandhi Matritva Sahyog Yojana (conditional maternity benefit plan) (CMB)
Sponsored by national government for pregnant and lactating women age 19 and over for their first
two live birth.
Launched in 2010.
Provides money to ensure good health and nutrition
Rajiv Gandhi scheme for empowerment of adolescent girls –( sabla)
Launched in 2012.
Offers variety of services to help young women (adolescent girls) become self-reliant.
Offers a package of benefits to at risks girls between the age of 10 – 19 years.
Rastriya Mahila kosh:
Launched in 1993.
Purpose is to provide lower income women with access to loan to begin small business.
Priyadarshini:
Launched in April 2011.
This offers women in seven districts access to self-help groups.
Family welfare program:
National family welfare program:
India launched the national family welfare program in 1951.
Objective is to “reducing the birth rate to an extent to stabilize the population”.
National population policy:
National population policy 2000, affirms the commitment of government towards voluntary and
informed choice and concent of citizens while availing of reproductive health care services and
continuation of target free approach in administering family planning services.
Urban family welfare: -
This was introduced following the recommendation of the Krishnah committee in 1983.
To provide services through setting up of health posts.The services provided are mainly outreach of RCH
services preemptive services,first aid.
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT,1986

6. Objectives
To protect and improve air, water and land environment
Prevent hazard to all living creatures and properties
Maintain a pleasant relationship between human beings and their environment.
Power of central government: -
For the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of environment and controlling environmental
pollution the central govt has powers to take the following measures.
Coordination of action by state government officers and other authorities under this or any other act/
law.
Planning and execution of a natural wide program for prevention of environmental pollution.
Laying down standards for emission or discharging of environmental pollutants from various sources.
Restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or processes or class of industries shall not be
carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safe guards.
Laying down procedures and safe guard for prevention of accidents.
Laying down procedures and safe guards for the handling of hazards substances.
Examination of manufacturing process materials and substances (causing) likely to cause
environmental pollution.
Carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmental
pollution.
Inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery manufacturing or other processes, materials
or substances likely to causes any environmental pollution.
Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions
entrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act.
Preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention of environmental pollution.
Collection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmental pollution.
Rules to regulate environmental pollution: -
The central government may or by notification in official gazette make rules in respect of all or any of the
following
The standards of quality of air, water or soil for various areas and purposes.
The maximum allowable limits of concentration of various environmental pollutants (including noise)
for different areas.
Procedures and safeguards for handling of hazardous substances.
Prohibition and restrictions on handling of hazardous substances in different areas.
Prohibition and restrictions on the location of industries and the carrying on of processes and
operations in different areas.
Procedures and safe guards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution.
Power of entry and inspection: - Subject to provisions of this section any person empowered by
central government have the right.

7. For the purpose of performing any functions of the central government entrusted to him.
For the purpose of determining the functions are to be performed.
For the purpose of examining and testing any equipment industrial plant, record, register, document or
any other material object.
Power to take samples: -2
The central government or any officer empowered by it shall have power to take sample for purpose of analysis,
samples of air, water, soil or other place. person taking the sample undersub – section
Secure a notice to the occupier or his agent or person in charge of the place.
In the presence of occupier or in charge collect a sample for analysis.
Sample collected shall be marked, scaled and duty signed by both persons taking sample and occupier
or her agent.
Sample collected has to send to laboratory without any delay.
Penalty of violating this Act: -
Whoever fails to comply with or contravenes any of the provisions of this Act, be punishable with
imprisonment for a term which may extend to 5 year or fine which extended to one lakh rupees or
with both.
In care failure or contravention countries, additional fine which extended to 5000 rupees everyday
during which such failure continues
If failure continues beyond period of one year the offender shall be punishable with imprisonment for
a term of about 7 years and company factory may be sealed
II. AIR (prevention & control pollution) ACT,1981
Objectives
Prevention & control of air pollution
Maintaining the quality of air
Establishment of boards for prevention & control of air pollution
POWERS &NFUNCTIONS OF CENTERAL BOARD
The main functions of enteral board are
Advise central government on any matter related to improvement of air quality and control of air
pollution
Plan &cause to evacuate a national -wild program for the prevention of air pollution
Co-ordinates the activities of state and resolve disputes among them
Provide technical assistance and guidance to state bounds carry out, sponsor investigations &research
relating to problems of air pollution & prevention
Plan &organize training of person engaged or to be engaged in programs of air pollution prevention
Collect, compile &publish technical &statistical data relating to air pollution &measures advised for
its effective prevention.
Prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to air pollution control
Lay down standards for the quality of air.

8. Perform such other function prescribed by centralboard/government
FUNCTIONS OF STATE BOARD
To plan a comprehensive program for the preventions or control of air pollution
Advise the state government on any matter concerning prevention of air pollution
Collect &disseminate information relating to air pollution
Collaborate with centralboard in organizing the training of person engaged or to be engaged in
programs relating to prevention of air pollution.
To inspect, at all reasonable times, any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process
and to give, by order, to take steps for the control of air pollution.
To inspect air pollution control areas at such intervals as it there in &take steps for control of air
pollution in such areas.
Provide different standards for emission may be laid down in consultation of central board for
different industrial plants having regard to quantity & composition of emission of air pollutants into
the atmosphere from such industrial plants.
Advise state government with respect to thee suitability of any premises or location for carrying on
any industry, which likely to cause air pollution
III) WATER (Prevention &control of pollution) Act, 1974
Objectives
To prevent & control of water pollution
To maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water
To establish boards for prevention of water pollution
To confer on & assign to the above purpose
CONSTITION OF CENTERAL BOARD
Central board consists offollowing members
A full-time chairman: -
A person having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of matters retailing to
environment protection or experience in administering institutions dealing with the matters aforesaid
Not exceeding 5 members of officials to be nominated by central government.
Not exceeding 5 persons to be nominated by centralgovernment from amongst the members of state
board.
Not exceeding 3 non-officials to be nominated by the centralgovernment, to represent the interests of
agriculture, fishery or industry or trade or any other interest.
Two persons to represent the companies or corporations owned controlled or managed by central
government.
A fulltime member-secretary possessing qualifications knowledge and experience of scientific or
management aspects of pollution control, to be appointment by central government.
FUNCTIONS OF CENTRAL BOARD

9. To advise central government on any matter concerning the prevention of water pollution.
To co-ordinate the activities of state-boards and resolve disputes among them.
To provide technical assistance and guidelines to state boards, Carryout and sponsor investigations
and research.
To plan and organise the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programmes or prevention
of water pollution.
To collect compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution.
Prepare manuals codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents.
To lay down, modify or annual in consultation with state government conceded the standards for the
streams or well.
To plan and cause to be executed a nationwide programme for prevention of water pollution.
FUNCTIONS OF STATE BOARD
To plan a comprehensive program for prevention of water pollution.
To advice the state government on any matter relating to control of water pollution.
To collect &disseminate information relating to air pollution.
To conduct and encourage research &investigations relating to problems of water pollution.
To organize training programs and mass education programs in collaboration with central board.
To lay down or modify effluent standards & for the quality of receiving water resulting from the
discharge of effluents
To evolve methods of treatments of sewage &trade effluents.
To evolve methods of utilizing sewage and effluents in agriculture.
To evolve methods of disposing the sewage &trade effluents on land in the absence of streams.
To prevent or control the discharge of waste into stream or wells.
PENALTY FOR CERTAIN ACTS; -
Whoever–
Destroys or damages any works or property; belonging to the board.
Fails to furnish to any officer or other employee of the board any information required by him for the
purpose of this act(or)
Fails to intimate the occurrence of any accident or other unfore act or even under section 31 to the
board.
Any person who knowingly or wilfully alters or interfere with a measuring device so as to prevent it
from monitoring shall be punishable with imprisonment for a period of three months or with fine
which may extend to one thousand rupees or with both.
Any person who knowingly or wilfully violates the act shall be punishable with imprisonment for a
term which shall not be less than one &half year but which may extend to six years with fine.
IV WILD LIFE PROTECTION ACT, 1972

10. Objectives
To maintain essential ecological process and life supporting systems.
To preserve the bio-diversity.
To ensure a continuous use of species is protection & conservation of wild life.
CONSTITION OF WILD LIFE ADVISORY BOARD
Wild life advisory board inconstant of following members
Minister in charge of forest in the state or union territory. In case there is no such minister, the
chairman will be represented by the secretary to the state government or the chief secretary to the
government or union territory.
Two members of the state legislature.
Secretary to the state government exchanges of forests
Chief wild life warden.
Not More than five officers of the state government.
DUTIES OF WILD ADVISORY BOARD
The wild life advisory board advises the state government.
Selection of areas to be declared as sanctuaries,national parks and closed areas.
Formulation of the policy for protection and conservation of wild life and specified plants.
Measures to be taken for harmonizing the needs of tribal with the protection and conservation of wild
life.
PROHIBATION OF HUNTING:
According to section of this Act,no person shall hunt any wild animal except as provided under sections 11&12
According to section 11 hunting of wild animals is permitted in certain cases
In the chief wild life warden is satisfied that any wild animals have become dangerous to human life
or is disabled as to beyond recovery, then they may, by order or writing & stating the reason there of
permit any person to hunt such animals or cause such animals to be hunted.
The killing or wounding in good faith of any wild animal in self-defence or defence of any other
person shall not be an offence.
Any wild animal killed or wounded in defence of any person shall be government property.
According to section 12
The chief wild life warden, by an order in writing or stating the reasons theory and on payment of prescribed
fee, may grant permit to any person, allowing him to hunt any wild animal specified.
V. THE FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980
Restriction on the preservation of forest or use of forest land for non-forest purpose.
No state government or otherauthority shall make, except with priors approval of the central government, any
order directing
That any reserved forest or any portion there off, shall cease to be reserved.
That any forest land or any portion these off may be used for any non-forest purpose.

11. Any forest land or any portion there of may be cleared of trees which have grown naturally in that
land or portion for the purpose of using it for afforestation
POWER TO ISSUE NOIFICATION DECLEARING PROTECTED FOREST & MAKING RULES FOR
SUCH FOREST
According to section 29 of this Act, state government by notification in official gazette may declare the
provisions of this Act applicable to any forest land or waste land not included in a reserve forest but which is
property of government or a part of forest produce
According to section 32
State government may make rules for protected forests to regulate
→ Cutting, sowing conversion & removal of trees& timber & removal of forests produce from protected forests.
→ Granting licences to person falling or removing trees or timber & other forests produce for trade purpose.
→ Payment (if any) to be made for permission to cut such trees or to collect & remove timber or otherforest
produce.
→ Clearing and breaking up of land for cultivation or otherpurposes in such protected forests
→ Protection from fire, of timber lying such protected forests
→ Protection & management of any portion of a forest under section 30
PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS:
According to section 33 of this Act, imprisonment for a term of six months or more or fine off 500 /- rupees or
more or both.
It is the penalty for any person who commits any of the following
Violates the prohibition under section 30, by burning any lime or charcoalor collecting or removing
any forest produce.
Violates prohibition, by clearing for cultivation etc, any land in any land in any protected forest.
Permits cattle to damage any reserved tree
Person who kills or catches elephants is punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend
and to 6 months or with fine or may extend to 8000/- rupees or both, in addition to compensation for
damage done to the forest.