violence.pptx


Violence is a national public health problem
that affects all ages from the young to the
elderly. Violent deaths, however, only tell
part of the problem. Although many survive,
they and their families and friends often
have permanent emotional and physical
scars. Violence occurs around the world on
a daily basis, as evidenced by the nightly
newscast and stories on the Internet.


violence occurs every day in communities
across the country. The woman who is
beaten and killed by her husband, the
cousins who are kidnapped and murdered
by a neighbor, the infant who is shaken to
death by his mother, the young woman who
is gang raped, the children who are sexually
abused (such as those by former Penn State
Assistant Football Coach Jerry Sandusky),
and the coworkers who are killed by a
disgruntled former employee are all
examples of the violence that occurs every
day.


The World Health Organization (WHO)
defines violence as "the intentional use
of physical force or power, threatened or
actual against oneself, another person, or
against a group or community, which
either results in or has a high likelihood
of resulting in injury, death,
psychological harm, maldevelopment, or
deprivation.


The reasons for the high rate of violence in society are
complex.

Universally recognized factors that contribute to
violence include the following:

Poverty, unemployment, economic dependency

Substance abuse

Dysfunctional family and/or social environment
and lack of emotional support


Media influence

Access to firearms
Political and/or religious ideology
Intolerance and ignorance


Violence is a global problem. From
prehistoric times humans have dealt
violently with other humans. In the Bible,
Cain killed his brother Abel out of jealousy
and anger. Throughout history, sporting
events often resulted in death for the
audience’s pleasure, such as the gladiator
events in Rome. Infanticide, or the killing of
unwanted newborn children, has been
practiced throughout history. For example, if
a female, a twin, sickly, or deformed child
was left to die of exposure.


Interpersonal Violence.1_Homicide and
Suicide.2_Intimate partner violence (IPV):formerly
known as domestic violence.IPV crosses all ethnic,
racial, socioeconomic, and educational lines.

About 30% of women and 1% of men report
experiencing physical forms of IPV at some point in
their lives. The following are risk factors for victims of
IPV:•
Low self-esteem

•
Poverty

•
Risky sexual behavior

•
Eating disorders and/or depression

•
Substance abuse

•
Trust and relationship issues


which has become a national concern,
refers to abusive, controlling, or aggressive
behavior in an intimate relationship that can
take the form of emotional, verbal, physical,
or sexual abuse. It happens in straight and
gay relationships. Research indicates that
9% of high school students have been
victims of physical dating violence and that
it occurs more frequently among black
students than Hispanics owhites


Workplace violence: is a serious safety and health issue. Violence in the
workplace includes physical assaults such as rape and

homicide, muggings, verbal and written threats and bullying.


Youth-related violence: is more concentrated in minority communities
and inner cities, putting a disproportionate burden on these communities.
Violence is a complicated and multilayered

problem
*Human trafficking :is a global problem and public health issue. It may
involve prostitution, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, and removal of
organs. Threats, coercion, abduction, fraud, and abuse ofpower are all
methods used by human traffickers
*Media violence: is prevalent and is accessible to all age-groups. It includes
exposure to, and participation in, violent video games, music
and music videos that depict rape or violence, and virtual violence that
allows subscribers to harm or kill victims.


*Mental illness :is considered by many to be a major factor in
violence. Studies, however, are inconclusive in their findings that all
violence is

committed by mentally unstable persons

Hate crimes :are crimes in which the offender is motivated by factors
such as an individual’s race, sexual orientation, religious beliefs,
ethnic background, or national origin. Hate crimes may include
murder, sexual or physical assault, harassment, attacks on homes or
on places of worship, or vandalism. Because hate crimes attack an
individual’s identity, the emotional effects are

compounded.


The following are the summary assessment points:

•
The boyfriend has a history of intimate partner
violence (IPV)— duration unknown.

•
Karen is a stay-at-home mom, with two children
under the age of 9 years, who currently live with their
father in another state.

•
Karen does not have close family in the area.

•
Karen does not believe that she is in danger.

•
Karen believes she lacks employable skills.

•
The boyfriend’s abuse is aggravated by problems
at work.


*-Potential for severe injury or death related to abuse

*-High risk for emotional trauma from dysfunctional family dynamics

*-High risk for loss of children.

Intervention:

*Individual

Karen was assessed for injuries, and none was found to be life
threatening. She was given a referral for counseling at the local
counseling center where a community health nurse works. She
was also given locations and numbers for local shelters.

*Community

The community health nurse arranged to speak at the
monthly breakfast meeting of community pastors where
she presented an informational program on IPV.


Levels of Prevention

Primary

Goal: Promote safety and prevent violence.

Encourage contact with friends in the neighborhood and at church.
Provide services of the community health nurse.

Provide community education programs about anger management.

Provide community education programs about IPV

.Secondary

Goal: Assess for signs of IPV.
Facilitate health care for treatment of injuries.

Provide both physical and psychosocial support.

Provide referral for anger management.

•Provide individual and family counseling.

•Provide a 24-hour abuse hotline number.

Tertiary

Goal: Promote development of healthy family dynamics.

Encourage continued use of community resources.

Encourage community involvement with other young families.

Provide community education programs on the cycle of violence.


*Investigate professional responsibilities relative to reporting abuse, neglect,
oviolence in your state
*Using the telephone directory or computer search engine, find three public or
private agencies in the community that provide help for victims of violence.
*Call a child abuse center in the community and ask what services they
Provide
*Call a battered women’s shelter and determine the procedure for
securing shelter placement for a battered victim and her children.
*Visit a respite center for the elderly and observe the clients and the activities that
are provided.
•
Find out what support groups exist in the community for older adult
•
caregivers.


*Read your local newspaper for month and clip articles that deal with

violence and gun control.

*Look up the laws that relate to reporting

of child and elder abuse in your area.

Summary:

Violence is a major public health issue in the United States and
affects individuals across the life cycle. Morbidity and mortality
statistics indicate that violence is epidemic in many communities.


Working with victims of intimate partner violence (IPV):

•
Establish rapport and trust.

•
Deal with issues of confidentiality honestly.

•
Provide current information regarding shelters and sources of support.

•
Recognize and accept that clients may "choose" to stay in an abusive relationship.

2.
Working with victims of child abuse:

•
Protect the well-being of the child; this is the primary obligation of health care providers.

•
Report child abuse; it is a legal and ethical obligation in all states.

•
Establish rapport and trust; this may take time.

•
Remain objective when dealing with suspected family members.

3.
Working with victims of elder abuse:

•
Establish rapport and trust; this may take time.

•
Report elder abuse; it is an ethical obligation for health care providers and a legal obligation in
most states.

•
Remember that competent adults have the right to make decisions about their own care, even if it
means staying in an abusive situation.

•
Support efforts to create respite programs and support groups for caregivers.

4.
Advocating for the rights of vulnerable populations, which is the responsibility of all health care
professionals:

•
Support research on effective interventions for violence prevention and reduction.

•
Lobby for a decrease in media violence.

•
Support community efforts to increase resources for victims of violence.

•
Lobby for effective regulation of firearms and cyberstalking.


1_Stalking is a pattern of repeated and unwanted attention, contact, harassment, or any
type of conduct

Dire

2_Bullying is defined "as a repeated oppression, psychological or physical, of a less

powerful person by a more powerful person or group of persons.

3-Child Maltreatment

Most child maltreatment occurs within the family. Children are abused more often by parents than by
other relatives or caregivers. Maltreatment is more commonly seen in families living in poverty, in

families in disorganization, or with parents who are younger and are substance abusers.

4-_Neglect is the failure of the responsible person to provide basic needs such as shelter, food,
clothing, education, and access to medical.

5-Physical abuse is an intentional injury inflicted on a child by another person and accounts for 16% of
child maltreatment care.


6-Abusive head trauma/inflicted traumatic head injury, also known as
shaken baby syndrome, is a leading cause of death from abuse in the
United States. Most victims are between 3 and 8 months of

age.

7-Emotional abuse accounts for approximately 7% of all child abuse
cases and is the behavior that may damage a child’s self-worth or
emotional well-being.

8-Sexual abuse involves engaging a child in sexual acts. Incest is
defined as sexual relations between persons considered too closely
related to marry.

9-Elder abuse lags far behind child abuse and IPV as a social and
health care issue because society fails to recognize the cruelty many
older adults experience. Failure to recognize abuse is likely
attributable to the perception of elders as an "invisible" segment of
the population.


Physical abuse (purposeful infliction of physical pain
or injury or unnecessary physical or drug-induced
restraints)

•
Psychological-emotional abuse (verbal assault, threats,
provoking fear, or isolation)


•
Sexual abuse (unwanted sexual contact or taking
pornographic pictures)

•
Neglect (withholding of personal care, food, or
medications, intimidation, humiliation, abandonment)

•
Financial exploitation (theft or misuse of money or
property)

•
Health care fraud and abuse (charging for services not
delivered, or Medicaid fraud)

Elder abuse tends to escalate in incidence and severity.


The United States is one of the most violent
countries in the industrialized world. Every day
we hear about some community, region, or state
that has been affected by violent crime.
Community violence may not affect everyone
directly, but it affects all indirectly. In contrast to
interpersonal violence, which affects only one
or two individuals, community violence usually
occurs suddenly and without warning and can
potentially destroy entire segments of the
population. Community violence includes
workplace violence, youth violence, gang-
related violence, hate crimes, and terrorism.

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