2. Definition
A pedestrian is a person
travelling on foot, whether
walking or running. In some
communities, those traveling
using tiny wheels such as
roller skates, skateboards,
and scooters, as well as
wheelchair users are also
included as pedestrians.
2
3. 3
Three-tiered hierarchy of factors of choosing
the mode of travel (FHWA 1992)
Initial Considerations
• convenience of every person in travelling is a factor of choice like taking to
considerations that walking in the night is dangerous and on the other hand walking is
healthy.
Trip Barriers
• concerned with the event that might occur during the trip. Like concern of the safety in
traffic, most particularly when walking in high-speed, high-volume roadways.
Destination Barriers
• Focuses more on your destination.
5. Ambulation
- the act, action, or an instance of moving
about or walking.
- a good design takes this human factor into
account in two ways:
First, many problems can
be avoided by giving thoughtful attention to
safety in facility planning, design, and
construction.
Second, where something cannot be
avoided, e.g., a single step, the designer
must build in visual and tactile cues that will
cause the pedestrian to look down and see
the hazard
before tripping over it or slipping on it. 5
6. Seeing and Being Seen
- Visibility of a pedestrian in the
traffic stream is influenced by
environmental conditions,
behavior, and attire.
- The key factor is the degree of
contrast between the
pedestrian and his
or her environment.
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9. 9
• Conceptual Planning
- consists of determining the general direction that
walkways should take.
- Planners should determine where people want or need to
travel, the routes they might travel, and who these people
are.
10. 10
Access and Linkages
A pedestrian-oriented neighborhood should include the following
characteristics:
• Streets that are laid out in well-connected patterns on a
pedestrian scale so that there are alternative automobile and
pedestrian routes to every destination.
• A well-designed street environment that encourages intermodal
transportation.
• Residential and internal commercial streets that are relatively
narrow to discourage high speed automobile traffic.
11. 11
Pedestrian Level of Service
Burden (1999) indicates that high pedestrian densities may
indicate success. He notes that there are a number of attractions
throughout the world where large crowds give excitement
and security to a place.
13. 13
Pedestrian Crash Types
The eight most common pedestrian crash types identified by Hunter, Stutts and Pein
(1997) are outlined below:
Vehicle
turn/merge
• Pedestrian and vehicle collided while the vehicle was preparing to
turn, in the process of turning, or had just completed a turn or
merge.
Mid-block
dash
• At a mid-block location, the pedestrian was struck while running
and the motorist’s view of the pedestrian was not obstructed.
14. 14
Pedestrian Crash Types
The eight most common pedestrian crash types identified by Hunter, Stutts and Pein
(1997) are outlined below:
Not in
roadway
• The pedestrian was struck when not in the roadway. Areas included parking lots,
driveways, private roads, sidewalks, service stations, and yards.
Walking along
roadway
• Pedestrian was struck while walking (or running) along a road
without sidewalks. The pedestrian may have been hitchhiking, walking with traffic and
struck from behind or from the front, walking against traffic and struck from behind or
from the front, or walking along a road but the details are unknown.
15. 15
Pedestrian Crash Types
The eight most common pedestrian crash types identified by Hunter, Stutts and Pein
(1997) are outlined below:
Intersection
dash
• Pedestrian was struck while running through an intersection and/or the
motorist’s view of the pedestrian was blocked until an instant before
impact.
Intersection-
other
• Crash occurred at an intersection but does not conform to any of the
specified crash types.
16. 16
Pedestrian Crash Types
The eight most common pedestrian crash types identified by Hunter, Stutts and Pein
(1997) are outlined below:
Backing
vehicle
• Pedestrian was struck by a vehicle that was
backing.
Mid-block-
other
• The crash occurred at mid-block but does not
conform to any of the specified crash types.
17. 17
Non-Motor-Vehicle-Involved Incidents
According to The Injury Fact Book (Baker et al. 1992), accidental falls are the
second-leading cause of unintentional death, the second-leading cause of both spinal cord
and brain injury, and the most common cause of hospital admission for trauma.
It is pointed out that surface conditions is important to pedestrian safety.
18. 18
Risk Management Strategies
• Incorporate accepted standards and guidelines.
• Use established engineering, planning, and design principles.
• Consider all potential users.
• Do it right!
• Promote community involvement and awareness.
Outlined below are elements of an effective risk management
strategy:
20. 20
Walkways, Sidewalks, and Public Spaces
A successful urban sidewalk should have the following
characteristics:
Adequate
Width
Buffer
from
travel lane
Gentle cross-
slope – 2%
Corner bulb
out on arterial
street
Adequate
sight
distances
around
corners and
driveways
Shy distance
to walls and
other
structures
Continuity
Clear path of
travel free of
street
furniture
Well-
maintained
condition
Ramps at
corners and
flat areas
across
driveways
21. 21
Intersections
Intersections are locations where the paths of vehicles and
pedestrians come together. They can be the most challenging part
of negotiating the pedestrian network. If pedestrians cannot
cross the street safely, then mobility is severely limited, access is
denied, and walking as a mode of travel is discouraged.
22. 22
Intersections
Considerations when designing intersections:
• Enhancing visibility of pedestrians through painted crosswalks, moving
pedestrians out
from behind parked vehicles by using bulb-outs, and increasing sight distances by
removing obstructions such as vegetation and street furniture
• Minimizing time and distance pedestrians need to cross roadway
• Making pedestrian movements more predictable through the use of crosswalks
and signalization
• Using curb ramps to provide transition from walkway to street
23. 23
Accessibility
Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines
Sidewalks
• have a minimum clearance width of 5 feet.
• should be surfaced with a smooth, durable, and slip-resistant material.
• maximum cross-slope is 2 percent (1:50)
24. 24
Accessibility
Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines
Street Furniture (benches, newspaper boxes, etc.)
• No protruding object should reduce the clear width of a sidewalk or walkway path
to less than 3 feet.
• No object mounted on a wall or post or freestanding should have a clear open
area under it higher than 2.3 feet off the ground.
• No object higher than 2.3 feet attached to a wall should protrude from that wall
more than 4 inches.
26. 26
Pedestrian Signs and Pavement Markings
Regulatory Signs - provide information about the road rules and traffic laws
27. 27
Pedestrian Signs and Pavement Markings
Warning Signs - type of sign which indicates a potential hazard, obstacle or condition requiring
special attention.
28. 28
Pedestrians and Work zones
Should a construction or maintenance activity arise on or near
sidewalks or crossways, providing safe and continuous passage for
pedestrians is a necessity. This is done by implementing temporary traffic
control zone policies.
