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Blood Flagellates (Haemoflagellates) Life Cycles and Diseases
- 1. Blood Flagellates (Haemoflagellates) Prepared by: NOE P. MENDEZ CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY (CMU) npolomendez@gmail.com
- 2. Different stages of hamoflagellates
- 4. Life cycle of Trypanosome
- 5. African sleeping sickness Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: West and Central Africa, mainly human infection Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: East Africa, wild and domestic animal reservoirs
- 8. The life cycle of Leishmania
- 10. DIAGNOSIS •1- Trypomastigotes are more in the blood. •2- Laboratory animals (mice and rats) are more susceptible to infection with posterior nuclear shift.
- 11. TREATMENT •Earlier & more intensive treatment by suramin in the early stage and melarsoprol in the late stage of disease.
- 12. PREVENTION AND CONTROL • 1-Protection by skin repellents. • 2-Treatment of cases. • 3-Control of Glossina (vector). • 4-Chemoprophylaxis in endemic areas
- 13. West Africa Less plentiful & Can not live in lab animals East Africa More plentiful & can live in lab animals
- 15. PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL PICTURE •Primary lesion
- 16. Romana’s eye
- 17. Chronic Chagas’ disease Parasite attacks: 1. Heart muscle fibers: ECG changes , congestive heart failure. 2. Oesophageal muscle fibers: Megaoesophagus >>>> dysphagia. 3. Colon muscle fibers: Megacolon >>>> constipation. 4. Less commonlyCNS or thyroid gland involvement. 5. Exacerbation of infection in immunosuppressed patients(due to drugs or AIDS).
- 18. DIAGNOSIS 1. Blood film >>(C-shaped T.cruzi). 2. muscle biopsy by culture or animal inoculation. 3. Xenodiagnosis. 4. Serological tests 5. Cruzin test (I.D.) 6. Molecular techniques:PCR.
- 19. TREATMENT • Primaquine orally (destroys trypomastigotes in blood and decreases tissue invasion). • Nifurtimox (Lampit): 8-10 mg/kg/day for two months. Or • Benznidazole (Radanil): 5mg/kg/day for two months. • Symptomatic treatment.
- 20. Different stages of Haemoflagellates
- 21. Lesion
- 22. Lesion
- 23. Clinical types of cutaneous leishmaniasis • Leishmania major: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis • Leishmania tropica: Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis • Oriental sore (most common)
- 25. Uncommon types • Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL): - Caused by L. aethiopica, diffuse nodular non-ulcerating lesions. • Leishmaniasis recidiva (Lupoid leishmaniasis) - Severe immunological reaction to leishmania antigen leading to persistent dry skin lesions, few parasites.
- 27. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Diagnosis: • Smear: Giemsa stain – microscopy for LD bodies (amastigotes) • Biopsy: microscopy for LD bodies or culture in NNN medium for promastigotes
- 28. Visceral leishmaniasis • There are geographical variations. • The diseases is called kala-azar • Leishmania infantum mainly affect children • Leishmania donovani mainly affects adults
- 29. Presentation • Fever • Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly • Weight loss • Anaemia • Epistaxis • Cough • Diarrhoea
- 30. Presentation Untreated disease can be fatal After recovery it might produce a condition called post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL)
- 32. Mucocutaneous
- 33. PKDL
- 34. Visceral leishmaniasis Diagnosis (1) Parasitological diagnosis: METHOD Bone marrow aspirate 1. microscopy Splenic aspirate 2. culture in NNN medium Lymph node Tissue biopsy
- 36. Immunological Diagnosis: • Specific serologic tests: Direct Agglutination Test (DAT), ELISA, IFAT • Skin test (leishmanin test)
- 38. Formol-gel
Hinweis der Redaktion
- any cell (or unicellular organism) that does not have any flagella or cilia A stage in unicellular life-cycle, typically trypanosomes, where the flagellum is posterior of the nucleus, and connected to the cell body by a long undulating membrane. A stage in unicellular life-cycle, typically trypanosomes, where the flagellum is anterior of the nucleus, and attached the cell body by a short membrane.
- a monophyletic[1] group of unicellular parasitic flagellate protozoa. contains members that may be found both in the circulating blood and intracellularly in cardiac muscle. African - blood; American - cardiac muscle. They are spread by sandflies. are always intracellular, principally in cells of the reticuloendothelial system.
- 1- Infected tsetse fly bites a host to take a blood meal & inoculates metacyclic trypomastigotes with saliva into the bite wound. 2- The organisms rapidly transform into trypomastigotes and divide by binary fission in the interstitial spaces at the site of the bite wound. 3- Parasites spread via blood to lymphatic system and CNS. 4- The tsetse fly takes blood meal from an infected host containing trypanosomes. 5- In the midgut of the fly, trypanosomes multiply by longitudinal binary fission & pass forward to hypo-pharynx where they change to epimastigotes. 6- Parasites migrate to the salivary glands and change to short stumpy metacyclic trypomastigotes (infective stage). 7- The cycle inside the vector takes about 3 weeks.
- Habitat: Blood, lymphatic system & CNS. Host: Man. Vector: Glossina palpalis (Tsetse fly, ♂ & ♀). Reservoir host: May be cattle, goat, pig & monkeys ……… wild game animals Infective stage: Metacyclic trypomastigotes. Mode of infection: Bite of infected Glossina palpalis ……….. G. morsitans
- inflammatory nodule [painful, red, rubbery, may or may not ulcerate].
- Trypomastigotes invade blood & lymphatic system & multiply Patient gets irregular fever, headache, joint & muscle pain and rash.
- Or sleeping sickness stage By end of 1st year; Trypomastigotes invade CNS >> perivascular infiltration of cerebral vessel with chronic inflammatory cells >> ischaemia & haemorrhage >>meningoencephalitis & meningomyelitis. Patient suffers of: severe headache, mental apathy, slow speech, tremors, involuntary movements & convulsions. Sleeping stage develops>>> coma & death [from the disease or from intercurrent infections as malaria, dysentery or
- Disease:American trypanosomiasis orChagas 'disease. Distribution:Central & South America. Habitat:Blood, reticulo-endothelial cells &muscle fibers (heart). D.H.: Man. R.H.: Armadillos, dogs, cats &rodents. Vector:Triatoma &Rhodnius (reduviid, winged bug). Infective stage: Metacyclic trypomastigotes [in faeces of vector, posterior station transmission]. Mode of transmission Contamination of bite wound, skin abrasion or mucous membrane by faeces of infected vector; may be transmitted by - blood transfusion, - organ transplantation & - congenitally.
- Unilateral conjunctivitis, edema of eyelids & cheek. Parasite reaches regional lymph node, blood, organs and tissues producing Heart failure death
- Affects adults, may be a symptomatic or presenting with symptoms depending upon localization of the parasite.
- Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method used to document the presence of infectious disease microorganisms
- Leishmania major: Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: wet lesions with severe reaction Leishmania tropica: Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis: Dry lesions with minimal ulceration Oriental sore classical self-limited ulcer
- Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL): Low immunity to Leishmania antigens, numerous parasites.