Water is another vital element & normally very badly managed in our society, due to our usual ignorance of its importance, characteristics & inter-relationships with other elements. In this class we learn of harvesting systems for this vital substance, how to re-connect ourselves with the water cycle, the strategies of "slow it, spread it, sink it" & we see various examples where a good management of water has totally changed the system.   Small re-designs can improve the whole environment a great deal, & this is especially true with water re-designs.

2. wangari maathai " I have seen rivers that were brown with silt become clean-flowing again ... The job is hardly over, but it no longer seems impossible. " From the article "Planting the future", The Guardian , 16 February 2007. Kenia 1 april 1940 - 25 septemb er 2011 "Until you dig a hole, you plant a tree, you water it and make it survive, you haven't done a thing. You are just talking."

4. • Good drainage & irrigation systems (salinization) Water storage (depend more on rainwater than sub-terrenean water) Slow it, Spread it, Sink it Cover the soil (roots in the earth) Regeneration & Reforestation of areas in danger of erosion • Large scale: cover vegetation, green manures • Small scale: composts, vegetation wastes, mulching • Foliar application & Compost Teas STOP the destruction The ABC of Regeneration C. Control of Water A. hAlt the Erosion B. Biomass & Bugs

11. only 0,007 % can be considered drinkin g water Planet Earth >> Planet Water 3/4 of planet is covered in water Domestic use of water (in litres per person per day) Gambia 3 Tanzania 8 Bangladesh 14 Nigeria 24 India 31 China 59 Holland 67 Syria 98 Mexico 129 Germany 273 Japán 376 Canada 431 USA 555 Estimations based on “ The World’s Water 2000-2001”, by Peter H. Gleick 50 l/day recommended

12. snow & ice (solid water) condensation water vapour oceans & seas (salt water) evaporation precipitation rivers, lakes & underground waters (sweet water) it is important to understand how aquifers work

13. Springs It is any natural situation where water flows to the surface of the earth from underground. A spring is a site where the aquif er surf ace meets the ground surface.

15. the Hydrological Cycle - cycles & purifies water continuously Precipitation Evaporation Cloud Transportation of vapour Evaporation Snow Transpiration Sub-terrenean flow of water Percolation Superficial Storage Sea One of Nature's priceless services M3.4 - The Science of Water www.PermaCultureScience.org

16. Plants are fertility (water) indicators value the marginal (Edge)

17. temperature down 3-5 degrees C air humidity up 10% cloud cover up 11.5% rainfall up 25% 137 species of birds (up from 5) 9 species of primates 3000 people getting income Class 3.2 on Regeneration (Borneo) Forests CREATE the rain so vegetation is a pro-sumer of water

22. Are ditches that follow the contour and in which there is no flow . Their function is first to stop the water and then to soak it in to the landscape. Planting is usually done in or alongside, to use up the water collected. Planting is usually done in or alongside, to use up the water collected. Planting is usually done in or alongside, to use up the water collected. Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual”

23. there are some great videos on earth-works by Jeff Lawton in the e-book: www.PermaCultureScience.org M3.4 - Water

25. re-hydrated landscape can result in new springs downstream

26. The distance between swales will depend on the slope and the climate some rough guidelines SLOPE DISTANCE 2% 30 m(eters) 10% 20 m 20% 14 m 45% 4 m native acacias herbs or grass cutting crop (for straw) wildlife infiltration area with straw cucubits, beans, cassava, bananas / other water-demanding crops

27. how to you mark the contour? < With an A-frame Level in order to ensure we dig a swale and not a diversion channel? when the A-frame is level, then both legs are resting on the contour, can mark with pegs & move along to find next point on the contour (also prepare lots of pegs to mark landscape)

28. how to you mark the contour? With a Bunyip Water Level > Used in building, can also find difference in levels very easily, including around corners. Can be used to find same level also, to mark swales.

29. how to you mark the contour? With a Surveyor's Level >

30. BE CREATIVE! observe the landscape, swales have to be DESIGNED like anything else (no 'standard recepies' please)

31. Class 3.2 on Regeneration (US Dust Bowl)

34. Diversion Channels Unlike swales, diversion channels connect a stream to a dam, or collect runoff water and carry it to places of storage ... and they can need a slope in order to carry water along a landscape (not soak it into the landscape, which is the function of swales) Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” FLOW

35. diversion channels come in all types & often have 'doors' for optimal flow control

36. There are many shapes. The objective is not to collect water but regulate the streams flows Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Check Dam Stream Boomerang shape wall Contour diversion channel Dry bed of the stream

37. this one in Fuerteventura

38. the 'gabias' of Fuerteventura

39. the 'gabias' of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands) are a combination of desviation channels & 'mega-swales'

40. an essentially dry landscape, but when it rains it rains hard & ingenious water-harvesting systems have evolved to work with nature

41. edges traditionally made with camel-power & planted with palm-trees

42. slow sedimentation layers stones, sand & clays in that order

43. & a crust of very fine clay forms which lowers evaporation

44. no more watering is needed (these fields have a lot of water stored in the soil)

45. today most of the palm-tree edges have disappeared (they shaded & held the gabia walls in place)

46. A water-harvesting technique we saw before, also from Fuerteventura Antonio

47. Antonio is an organic farmer who is continuing his family's tradition, here this is his gabia field in production

48. notice the fine clay 'crust mulch', lowering evaporation & mini-swales for shading

49. abandoned gabias keep working ... decades later (advantages of passive systems & good earth-works)

51. Imagen de: Texas Guide to Raiwater Harvesting Main components of a rainwater collection system catchment surface / roof channels / tubing conduction & water treatment surplus out storage tank To calculate tank volume needed, eg. roof area (m2) x rain mean (l/m2) = total litres (l) then compare with water requirements in dry season RainGardens - store water directly in soil

52. Total roof area here is 9x6.5 = 58.5m2 Any paved area (eg. roads, car-parks, patios, etc.) can act as good rainwater collection areas < Rainwater collection tank from road above farm, in La Casita Verde, Ibiza (2 or 3 of these fill up every winter)

54. Typical Canarian rain-water collection system (water tank covered)

56. Be creative & use whatever containers you can to store precious rain-water

57. Methods for diverting the 1st rainwater from a roof. These wash the roof & are redirected to uses that don't require clean water. Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual”

58. Some filters or systems for rejecting leaves, insects, etc.

59. Crystal Waters: water storage on a large scale

60. Barcelona: House of Sr. Joan Carulla

61. Barcelona: House of Sr. Joan Carulla

63. Very useful for fire control, animals and limited irrigation. It's the kind dam higher in the landscape that can be filled by the runoff from the hills. Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Diversion channel that catch the runoff Water and take it to the dam The channels have a slope of 1:250-500 “ saddle shape” dam

64. Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Keyline system does drought-proof farms with low operating costs and maintenance. The road is in the range S located along a principal a ridge Notice how the valleys and primary ridges are inclined to Redbank Creek to the north

65. Yeomans Keyline plow for soil conditioning

66. Chisel plough used in compacted pasture soils 3 or 4 sequences with increasing depth creates deep (18cm) humus soils over 1 - 2 growing seasons

67. cuts along contour

68. all of these techniques for slowing, spreading & sinking water into the landscape are often used in the same piece of land Slow it, Spread it, Sink it

70. The same uses as the saddle dam Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Diversion Channels drainage channels (to the next dam) Cross section following the main ridge

71. If used in a series of dams is not necessary drainage canal and the remainder goes to the next dam an eventually to the stream. Adapted for irrigation in lower slopes. The keyline (dashed line) connects the key points in the primary valleys Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Keypoint DAM Cross section Input Diversion channel Drain output

72. It is the dam of &quot;engineers&quot;. It can affect fish migration and have difficulty draining. Only works well in the keyline system as part of a system of dams connected to each other. Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Barrier dam Stream drainage

73. Useful in slopes of 8º or less as part of a interconnected dams system Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Cross section Contour dams Concave wall Convex wall

74. To contain water pumped by a windmill. Provides a low flow in flat areas. Can be filled with a pipe from a big roof or parking lot Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Ring dam over a flat area (circular on a map) “ turkey nest” dam

77. The walls of earth and concrete or wire baskets can hold &quot;mud fields&quot;, make sprinkle water and reduce the amount of silt in streams Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Silt dam for the accumulation of silt Stream bed

78. A dam of this type with 1-3m wall perpendicular to a stream can create enough flow rate for a hydraulic ram Imagen de “Permaculturre a Designer’s Manual” Control dam for a watermill or a hydraulic ram

79. Banana Circle

80. Banana Circle Objectives: 1) easy, large production in small space 2) multi-crop system 3) use up organic waste, eg. banana leaves 4) water storage 5) easy access for harvesting 6) neat system for banana production 7) gray water deposit

85. The work of a land-designer is to to slow, spread & sink water in the landscape in order to re-hydrate & restore the soil for maximum vegetation cover (& fertility) possible

86. Watershed Headwaters The work of a culture-designer is to to re-design the culture of water in the society in order to re-hydrate & restore the collective intelligence of the whole system water as a sacred resource (would be tabú to dirty it, to waste it, to dis-respect it's cycles in any way)