Comparative Study of Loans and Advances of Commercial Banks. Project

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1. Introduction
The banking system takes up a significant portion of a country's overall
economic landscape. In today's world, there can be no modern society without the
presence of financial institutions. To put it another way, development is an unavoidable
prerequisite for the healthy and rapid growth of the national economic structure.
Banking institutions have made significant contributions toward the development of
many countries that are now considered developed. It is of paramount importance to
the growth and development of a nation's economy. Banking is just as essential to a
society as circulation is to the human body. The growth of agriculture, commerce, and
industry are all helped tremendously by the contributions of banks (Lin, 2003).
1.1 Background of the Study
The sum borrowed by one person from another is referred to as a "loan." The money
paid to the borrower is what is meant by the amount, which is in the form of a loan.
Accordingly, from the perspective of the borrower, it is "borrowing," and from the
perspective of the bank, it is "lending." When money is disbursed and later recovered, a loan
may be said to be given "credit." The borrower owes the money. Credit is offered while
providing loans, and it is given for a specific reason and for a set amount of time (Slovin,
1983).
The loan carries an interest rate and payment schedule that have been agreed upon.
On the other hand, "Advance" refers to a "credit facility" provided by the bank. Commercial
banks are publicly traded businesses that deal with money and credit (Thompson & Peer,
2013). A commercial bank is a type of financial organisation that accepts public chequable
deposits of money and uses that money for lending as well. The greatest distinguishing
feature of a commercial bank is its ability to accept from the general public deposits known
as demand deposits that are chequable, or withdrawable in the form of checks.

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Its main purpose is to use these deposits as collateral for loans to other people. Short-
term loans and advances are often provided by commercial banks. They hold a position of
authority in the money market (Slovin, 1983). They are, in reality, the largest part of the
financial system in any given nation. The majority of short-term purposes for which banks
provide advances are the acquisition of traded items and the payment of other short-term
trading responsibilities (Lin, 2003).
A loan carries a sense of obligation, but an advance is a service used by the borrower.
However, advances must also be paid back, just like loans. Thus, a credit facility that can be
repaid in instalments over time is referred to as a loan, whilst a credit facility that can be
repaid in full within a year may be referred to as an advance. However, these two terms are
used interchangeably in the current course.
 Home loans are the most popular type of loans offered in India. The bank provides
a home loan for the acquisition of real estate. There are two types of home loans:
fixed interest and variable interest. Getting a loan with a variable interest rate is an
excellent idea. You receive tax benefits from your home loan. Rate of interest: 9–
11%.
 Education loan: You can apply for an education loan if you're a student and need
money for college. Education loans are provided for both Indian and international
students. Section 80E of the tax code allows you to claim a tax break for your student
loan. Rate of interest: 11% to 14%.
 Car loan: If you want to buy a new car, you can choose between a vehicle loan and
a car loan. This loan is available through the bank. To be eligible for this loan, you
must provide income documentation. Rate of interest: 9.6–10.6%.

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 Personal loans are unsecured loans provided by banks or other financial institutions.
Your credit history and credit score are the only factors considered when granting
this loan. 15–25% interest rate.
 Gold loan: A secured loan in which a consumer promises his or her gold ornaments
as collateral with a gold lending company is known as a gold loan or a loan against
gold. Compared to other loans, it is a very quick and simple solution to satisfy one's
financial needs (Thompson & Peer, 2013).
1.2 Problem Statement
By offering loans and advances, the Bank has significantly contributed to the
global economic development of nations. Although they are not the same thing, loans and
advances are frequently seen as one term. The issue with the study's thesis statement is
that the key distinctions between the terms "loans" and "advances" need to be thoroughly
examined. The benefits and drawbacks of both words will also be examined in the context
of comparison.
1.3 Significance of the Study
When compared to all the data from other banks, the study will help to
determine how many loans the banks have sanctioned. should be aware of the different
loan amounts the bank offers. The study will also be beneficial for understanding the
rate of interest on loans, benefits to the customer, general loan procedures, repayment
systems, and loan amounts, as well as for comparing this data with that of other co-
operative banks operating in Pakistan.
1.4 Objectives of the Study / Research Questions
The following objectives were the main focus of this research.
 To find out the key differences between loans and advances.

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 To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of loans and advances in perspective of
comparison.
The questions of this research were:
1. What are the main distinctions or differences between commercial banks' loans and
advances?
2. What are the pros and cons of loans and advances in comparison?
1.5 Limitation of the Study
There will be certain limits to this study. The most significant limitation of this
study is the reliability of the statistical techniques used and the limited research
expertise of the authors. Other limitations include. Only two commercial banks (UBL
and HBL) throughout a five-year period (2016-2021) will be considered. The focus of
the study will be on lending, especially loans and advances.

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2. Literature Review
A loan can refer to any sum that has been borrowed or lent. When a business
borrows money, that amount is considered a debt, but when a business gives money as a
loan, that amount is considered a receivable for the business.
A loan is a form of lending in which a bank extends credit to a borrower for a
predetermined amount of time and for the fulfilment of a particular objective. Long-term
liabilities are those that have to be returned over a period of more than one year since loans
are agreements that payment will be made in the future. A loan is defined as "when a
banker makes an advance in a lump sum that cannot be paid totally or partly and which
the customer has authority to withdraw later to the first transaction," according to another
definition.
A company's profitability serves as the fulcrum around which all of its other
activities revolve. The banking industry is primarily an industry that deals with monetary
transactions and credit. Similar to any other type of commercial endeavour. The focus of
banks is on making a profit. To generate income, a bank will invest its customers' money
in a variety of different vehicles. The majority of its revenue comes from interest and fees
collected on loans and advances.
The provision of loans and advances to traders, businessmen, and industrialists by
banks is typically contingent either on the borrower's personal security or on the security
offered by the borrower's assets. In either scenario, the financial institutions run the danger
of failing to make their required repayments. As a result of this, financial institutions are
required to adhere to a policy of care as well as sound lending standards when it comes to
lending. When setting the terms of their lending policies, banks in India are required to
take into account both their own interests and the nation's interests.

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A borrower frequently finds themselves in need of funds for either fixed assets or
non-respective types of activities, and as a result, they seek money from the bank that may
be withdrawn all at once. The total sum of the loan is often repaid in a number of equal
payments. A loan could have a short-term, a medium-term, or a long-term repayment
schedule.
Domar and Timbergen (1946) measured the profitability of banks for the purpose
of economic development and settled the theoretical framework in expanded form. This
framework was initially presented by Jorgenson and Nishimizudin for international
economic growth comparison and development. Domar and Timbergen also measured the
profitability of banks for the purpose of economic development. According to Sharma
(1974), "the expansion of banking facilities was unequal and imbalanced, and banks were
focusing their operations on major cities and towns."
Commercial banks have chosen not to focus their attention on a relatively large
number of rural and semi-urban centres despite the fact that these centres have reasonable
potentials for expansion. When it comes to encouraging people in rural areas to make
deposits, there is still a lot of work to be done. This places an emphasis on the growth of
banks in more rural and semi-urban areas. According to Gopal Karkal's research from
1977, "certain regions have done well in spreading the banking services, while other
regions remain still very backward." In addition, the majority of our customers are major
industrialists and larger merchants.
They approach us with their request for higher loans and advances, and in
exchange, we provide them a substantial amount of business. How are we going to be able
to survive if we transfer our limited resources to small business, agriculture, and so on?
How are we going to be able to raise our deposits, advances, and so on? It is more desirable
because it places an emphasis on a policy of planned and systematic branch expansion,

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laying emphasis not only on opening branches in the underdeveloped and neglected areas
but also in the providing additional banking facilities to the growing metropolitan and
urban areas to cope with the ever-increasing requirements of trade, industry, and
commerce. This is because it places an emphasis on a policy of planned and systematic
branch expansion. In addition, it lays emphasis on opening branches in the underdeveloped
and neglected areas.
Raghupathy (1977) expressed his opinion regarding the structure of the banking
sector by stating that "if the aims are not fully realized, the fault does not wholly lay with
the bankers." The problem is that we are unable to combine all of the beneficial tools for
development into a single efficient system. In the year 1977, Shah presented his point of
view concerning the profitability and productivity of banks. He has voiced worry on the
growing expenses and overhead costs.
The inefficient practices of the banks are to blame for the sluggish increase of
productivity and efficiency. He arrives at the conclusion that improved profitability is
possible as a result of expanded spread, and that the role of innovations is limited. He
advocated the use of written job descriptions as a means of increasing the efficiency of
personnel. In addition to this, he underlined the importance of lowering costs, developing
a sense of teamwork among managers, and enhancing management overall in order to
increase bank profitability and productivity.
According to the research conducted by V.N. Saxena (1978), "Improvement in the
systems and procedures of inspection of stocks, maintenance of stock record is required.
Extension of sponsorship programmes, recovery, and consultancy should all be subject to
reforms that should be begun. This may provide banks with helpful auxiliary tools. In
1981, Desai (1978) carried out a study covering a regional office of a premier bank that
had 155 branches in the region. The study was named "Measuring Staff Productivity in

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Bank - A New Approach," and it was published in 1981. The primary purpose of the study
was to identify and address any staffing imbalances that were discovered.
The need of providing for the manager of productivity related staff development
technique was underlined throughout the study. In 1982, he then proceeded to conduct a
further examination of Patna Circle Bank, which at the time had 607 branches. Once more,
the primary purpose was to supply management with a productivity-based method for
rationalizing labour development.
It identified "Labor-Intensive and Less Labor-Intensive" banking sectors as well as
pockets of staffing mismatches throughout the industry. He was of the opinion that in a
services industry such as banking, where there are wide differences in the job mix, it is
difficult to engage a formula that is universally applicable and entirely scientific in any
aspect of management.
Divatia and Venkatachalam, in their research on the effectiveness and efficiency
of operations, published their findings in 1979. They were aware of the challenges that
would be presented by the creation of such a composite index, some of which would be
caused by a lack of familiarity with the term "operating efficiency."
According to the findings of this study, the selected indicators can be broken down
as follows: profitability, operational efficiency in terms of productivity, and operational
efficiency in terms of social objectives. The approach that was being taken to the approach
profitability of banks proposed to create a composite index that would investigate certain
indicators that would suitably represent varied aspects of banks of PEP Committee. This
approach was being taken in response to a recommendation made by the PEP Committee.
Kulkarni (1979), in his study on the developmental responsibility and profitability
of banks, stated that while considering the costs and profits of banks, the social benefits
arising out of bank operations cannot be ignored. Kulkarni's study was conducted in 1979

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When speaking about the profitability of banks, he asserted that an approach that
focuses on maximising profits is inappropriate. He was aware that in order for banks to
meet their social responsibilities while also attempting to maximise profits for developing
companies, enhance the efficiency of the banking system, and reduce overall expenses,
these objectives should all be pursued simultaneously.
When compared to the cash credit system, this system ensures a greater degree of
self-discipline on the part of the borrower because the time of repayment of the loan or its
instalments is fixed in advance. When a banker approves a loan application or a renewal
of an existing loan, they are presented with the opportunity to perform an automatic review
of the loan account. At the discretion of the banker, dormant loan accounts may be closed
if they are deemed to be unsatisfactory. The structure is not particularly complicated. The
customer is responsible for paying interest on the total amount that the bank lends to them.

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3. Research Methodology
3.1 Research Design
The study will be conducted by following the qualitative an approach in which the
data will be gathered from the both primary and secondary sources.
3.2 Data Collection & Variables of the Study
Data will be conducted through both primary and secondary sources I-e interview
of the Bank Manager, Loan policy details and advance policy details, annual spreadsheets,
articles, books, and newspapers.
3.3 Sampling
As the area of the study is vast considering this, two commercial banks and two
bank managers i-e: UBL and HBL will be targeted for sampling.
3.4 Research Analysis Tools
As Qualitative approach is used in this study. Interviews were taken from bank
managers of UBL and HBL banks. Their ideas and thoughts were the key outcomes of
this research.

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4. Results
The following results are taken from bank managers of HBL and UBL. The
information provided is taken as the base findings of this study.
4.1 Provide loans and advances
The manager of UBL stated that it offers a variety of solutions that have been
precisely developed to fulfil the financial needs of consumers. UBL is here to cater to
all of your needs so that you can fulfil all of your aspirations and objectives, from
helping clients pay for their schooling and wedding expenses to assisting customers in
purchasing the automobile or property of their dreams. You can acquire an unrivalled
auto loan from UBL Drive, which provides the very best financing choices conceivable
to help you turn your dream car into a reality. UBL makes it possible for you to purchase
your ideal car immediately by providing you with flexible payment options and a range
of payment options. With offerings that are both reasonable and adaptable, UBL
Address puts you in a position to purchase the home of your dreams. Now, with the
help of UBL Address, you can turn your ideal home into a reality. UBL CashPlus is a
one-of-a-kind financing product in the form of a term loan that provides a number of
features, options, and flexibility that are intended to meet and support all of your
financial requirements.
The manager of HBL described the lending facility as one that makes financial
aid available to you anytime you may require it. This will not only be a support for you
in challenging times, but it will also help you finance your aspirations. The financing
amount can range anywhere from 25,000 to 3,000,000 Pakistani Rupees, and the
available payback tenures can be anywhere from 12 to 48 months, with top-up facilities
available after every 12 months. In addition to that, they offer consumers protection in
the form of life insurance.

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4.2 Conditions for loans and advances
According to the manager of UBL, the consumer needs to be a Pakistani resident
who is either self-employed in company or a professional, or they need to be salaried.
The age range should be between 23 and 65 years. The minimum required monthly
income for salaried employees is Rs. 25,000, and for SEB/SEP employees it is Rs.
75,000. A minimum loan amount of one million rupees should be required.
According to the manager of HBL, in order to apply for a loan, the applicant
must be a citizen of Pakistan. The applicant must be at least 30 years old when the
financing is applied for, and they must be at least 65 years old when the loan is paid
off. A minimum of PKR 150,000/- must be earned each month as income. A minimum
of five years' experience in the business or industry represented by the current
employer. The interest rate that you are charged by HBL could reach as high as 35.99%
per year, but it will vary depending on the category of customer that you belong to.
4.3 Maximum amount for loans and advances
According to a manager of UBL, customers have the potential to receive a
maximum amount anywhere from Rs. 1,000,000 to Rs. 20,000,000 depending on their
qualifications and the requirements of the bank.
According to a manager of HBL, customers can apply for any amount between
Rs. 25,000 and Rs. 3,000,000 depending on their qualifications and the criteria set forth
by the bank.
4.4 Personal or Organizational Responsibility
Clear Legal Opinion is requested from the Bank's solicitor, pre and post
disbursement legal requisites, and charge a very minimum cost, which must be borne
by the applicant, according to the manager of UBL. This is done in order to check the
authenticity of the documents pertaining to the property's title.

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The manager of HBL stated that a customer will be subject to a penalty of 8%
in the first year of the loan booking date, 5% in the second year, and 3% in the third
year and onwards, on his additional partial payment amount if the customer chooses to
partially payoff any amount that is in excess of his six monthly instalments. This penalty
will be charged on his additional partial payment amount. In a similar manner, if a
customer chooses to partially payoff any amount that is in excess of his 6 monthly
instalments, he will be charged a penalty on his additional partial payment amount that
ranges from 4% in the first year, 3% in the second year, and 2% in the third year and
onwards. This penalty will be applied to his additional partial payment amount
beginning in the third year.
4.5 Satisfaction
The manager of UBL stated that the company is completely content with their
lending facility and that they are even driven to expand the sorts of loans they offer to
make life easier for the populace.
The manager of HBL stated that the company's happiness is directly
proportional to the happiness of its consumers. They are ecstatic that their clients are
completely content with the work that they have done for them and are promoting them
to their friends, family, and coworkers.
4.6 Preferred type
UBL CashPlus is the client loan financing product that offers the most features,
options, and flexibility, according to the manager of UBL. This product is meant to
meet and support all of your financial demands, and it is the most popular among UBL
customers. This type is user-friendly for clients, and it enables them to have their needs
met while also providing an easy payment mechanism. The time it takes to process your
application, from the moment you hand it in to the moment when you are actually given

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the amount you borrowed, can range anywhere from twenty days. I have submitted all
of the necessary documentation.
The manager of HBL stated that the company provides a wide variety of lending
services, some of which are HBL personal loans, HBL car loans, HBL ready cash, and
HBL salary plus. Customers have the highest level of satisfaction with the HBL
personal loan product. There are a variety of reasons for this, one of which is that,
according to customers, they are simple to get, and because of the lower amount, it is
straightforward for customers to pay it back.
4.7 Maximum limit for Payback
The tenor can be anywhere from three to twenty years, as stated by the manager
of UBL, and this is contingent on the facility that you select. When the total amount
owed is greater than Rs. 50,000 or the maximum of six monthly instalments, you will
be subject to penalty fees. They are 8% for the first year, 5% for the second year, and
3% for the third year and thereafter.
According to a management at HBL, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) would
contain a history of negative and overdue information dating back two years in eCIB.
This information may include, but is not limited to, delayed payments, late payments,
write-offs, or reversals of mark-ups, among other things. You are consequently
cautioned to make certain that timely payments of your instalments or minimum
payment are made in order to avoid any unfavourable information being reported or
reflected on your electronic credit information bureau (e-CIB).
4.8 Consequences for non-payback
The tenor can be anywhere from three to twenty years, as stated by the manager
of UBL, and this is contingent on the facility that you select. When the total amount
owed is greater than Rs. 50,000 or the maximum of six monthly instalments, you will

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be subject to penalty fees. They are 8% for the first year, 5% for the second year, and
3% for the third year and thereafter.
According to a management at HBL, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) would
contain a history of negative and overdue information dating back two years in eCIB.
This information may include, but is not limited to, delayed payments, late payments,
write-offs, or reversals of mark-ups, among other things. You are consequently
cautioned to make certain that timely payments of your instalments or minimum
payment are made in order to avoid any unfavourable data being reported or reflected
on your electronic credit information bureau (e-CIB).
4.9 Rating on bank services
The manager of UBL stated that they believe their bank loan services to be the
best in all of Pakistan. According to them, they are accommodating to their customers
and provide a large number of opportunities to use this service.
The manager at UBL said that they receive positive feedback from their
consumers. Despite the fact that they provide services for loans, their other customer
services have also been very good over the years. They provide this service in order to
assist the populace in overcoming the challenges they face and to fulfil their part in the
healthy development of the nation.
4.10 Satisfaction with customers
The managers at UBL claim that they are not completely content with their
clientele. The reason for this is that their clients do not repay loans within the allotted
amount of time, and because of this, the company suffers a significant financial loss.
The manager of HBL stated that the company is happy with its clients and that
it plays a significant part in the economic growth of the country. Customers have been

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quite satisfied with them, and the positive feedback they have received about them is a
driving force behind the decision to maintain this service.

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5. Conclusion and Recommendations
The conclusion that can be drawn from this study is that loans and advances
play an important part in our day-to-day lives. A bank places a high priority on the
performance of its Loans and Advances department because the department's success
directly correlates to the bank's overall level of business. If this portion does not perform
as it should, the bank as a whole might fail to make its payments. The majority of the
bank's loans and advances are given to merchants, industrialists, and businesses.
Despite the fact that the form of the credit may vary in terms of the security required,
the terms and circumstances of the disbursement provision, etc.
Lending money to new companies and so facilitating their entry into the market
is one way in which loans contribute to the expansion of an economy's overall money
supply. Numerous financial institutions, including retail establishments that offer credit
facilities and credit cards, rely heavily on the interest and fees collected from loan
transactions as their principal source of revenue. According to the findings of the
research, the vast majority of people are ignorant of the loan option. In order for
businesses to maintain their position in the market, they will need to make adjustments
to aspects such as their advertising strategies, financing policies, etc.
Due to the availability of gold loans, there are many benefits that can be
achieved, and one can easily satisfy their requirements. Customers need to be aware of
the various lending rates that are imposed by different banks, including both public and
private banks. The bank may implement qualitative methods in order to educate the
borrowers about the policies pertaining to loans. Because a significant amount of
paperwork must be completed in order to acquire a gold loan, financial institutions are
continuously seeking to develop innovative methods that minimize the amount of
paperwork required and minimize the amount of time that is lost.

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Because of their credibility and trustworthiness, financial institutions are the
best choice for obtaining a loan. The interest rate on personal loans is significantly
lower than the rate on most other loans. It also shows that the bank is in a solid position
and has a positive image because the entire business of the bank is expanding by up to
25 percent. The amount of money that banks invest in many other types of securities is
also growing. Increasing the sanction on the debt as well as the recovery of the loan
Therefore, the bank should strive to improve their position in the market. The bank's
profits are growing at an exceptionally rapid rate. However, the interest rate on the loan
is high in comparison to the rates offered by other banks, and the amount of
questionable debt is also rather significant. Therefore, the bank must make an effort to
reject it.

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Appendix
Interview Questions
1. Does your bank provide loans and advances?
2. What are the conditions for loans and advances?
3. At what amount you provide loans and advances?
4. Does it require any personal or organizational responsibility for loan or advance
application?
5. Are you satisfied with your banking loan procedure?
6. Which is the most preferred loan and advance type?
7. What is the maximum limit of loan or advance return?
8. What are the consequences if someone does not payback loan or advance?
9. How do you rate (Good or Bad) your bank services in terms of loan and advances?
10. Are you satisfied with your customers?