The most widely accepted theory of planetary formation, known as the nebular hypothesis, maintains that 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud which was light years across.

2. Chapter 1:
Origin of the Universe
Prepared By: Mr. Niko R. Patawaran

3. Learning Targets
• State the different
hypotheses explaining the
origin of the universe
• Relate the creation myths
based on different cultures
as well as the Holy Bible
• Explain the different
evidences that support
those theories on the origin
of the universe
• Explain the Big Bang Theory

4. Plenary
Activity
Construct your own
theory as to how the
Universe have
originated. Provide a
complete description of
your own theory and
explain.

5. • Baryonic matter –
“ordinary” matter
consisting of protons,
electrons, and neutrons
that comprises atoms,
planets, stars, galaxies and
other bodies
• Dark energy – a source of
anti-gravity; a force that
counteracts gravity and
causes the universe to
expand
Important
Terms:

6. Important
Terms:
• Dark matter – matter that
has gravity but does not emit
light
• Theory- a coherent group of
tested general propositions,
commonly regarded as
correct that can be used as
principles of explanation
and prediction for a for a
class of phenomena

8. Creation
Myths
It is a symbolic narrative
of the beginning of the
world as understood by
culture.

9. What is the famous Creation story you heard of?

10. The Book of
Genesis
•In the book of
Genesis 1 (Old
Testament)
“…God created
the Universe…”
took place in
six days.

11. The Book of Genesis

12. Big Bang
Theory
•Proponents: Alexander
Friedman and George
Lamaitre (1920)
•A scientific theory
describing the origin of

14. Big Bang
Theory
•all space, time, matter,
and energy approximately 13.7
billion years ago from the
violent expansion of a singular
point of extremely high density
density and temperature.

16. Big Bang Theory
•The universe begins as the size of a single atom
•The universe began as a violent expansion
•All matter and space were
created from a single point of
pure energy in an instant

17. Big Bang Theory
•energy froze into matter
according to Albert Einstein’s
equation.
•This basically says that like
snowflakes freezing, energy
forms matter into clumps that
today we call protons, neutrons
and electrons.
•These parts later form into
atoms

18. Big Bang Theory
ATOMS form (specifically
Hydrogen and its
isotopes Helium with a
small amount of Lithium.)
The early Universe was
about 75% Hydrogen and
25% Helium. It is still
almost the same today.

21. Inflation Epoch
Expansion of the
universe from the
size of an atomic
nucleus

22. How the Universe
Expands?
The space between galaxies
expands, not the galaxies
themselves;
objects held together by their
own
gravity are always contained
within a
patch of nonexpanding space.

23. Events after the
Big Bang Theory
• Formation of the universe
Continuous formation of
the universe; visible
forces and fundamental
particles

24. Events after the
Big Bang Theory
• Formation of the basic
elements
• Protons + neutrons=
hydrogen
• Pairs of hydrogen =
helium
• nucleosynthesis

25. Events after the Big
Bang Theory
• Radiation era (10,000 years)
• Most energy was in the form of
radiation
• Cosmic microwave background
radiation
• Matter Domination (300,000 years)
• Lithium atom began to formed
• electrons with hydrogen and
helium= small neutral atoms

26. Events
after the
Big Bang
Theory
•Birth of stars and
galaxies (300,000
million years)
•The group of stars
became the
galaxies

27. Four Fundamental
Forces
•Strong Force – short
range attractive force
which bind the nucleus

28. Four Fundamental
Forces
Electromagnetic
force – long range
force that bind
atoms (attractive or
repulsive)

29. Four
Fundamental
Forces
Weak force –
short-range
force present
in radioactive
decay

30. Four Fundamental
Forces
Gravitational force
weak, long-ranged, and attractive force; binds
the Solar System

32. Evidences of the Big
Bang Theory

33. Galaxies moving away
•Edwin Hubble (1924)
•All galaxies where moving
away
•Distance between distant
galaxies was increasing
with time

34. Presence of
cosmic
microwave
background
(CMB)
•Arno Penzias and
Robert Wilson (1960)
•Place an end to the
steady state theory
of the Universe

35. Abundance of
light elements
Helium, Hydrogen and
trace amounts of
Lithium and Beryllium

37. Other Theories of the Universe

38. Steady State
Theory
• Proponent: Bondi, Gold,
and Hoyle (1948)
• Universe in unchanging
in time and uniform in
space
• Basic assumption:
everything is constant
• It maintains that new
matter is created as the
universe expands
thereby maintaining its
density

39. Inflation Theory
It is regarded as an
extension of the
standard big bang
theory
Proposes a period of
extremely rapid
exponential expansion
of the universe prior to
the more gradual big
bang expansion

40. String Theory
•Principle of general
theory of relativity and
principle of quantum
mechanics
•Assembly of particle
type is replaced by a
fundamental building
block called a string

41. 10th
Dimension?

43. M-Theory
•An 11 multi-dimensional quantum theory of
gravity which includes extended objects known
as membranes and five branes.
•The origin of the universe occurs as a result of
the contact of two hyperdimensional branes by
Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow

44. Theories Origin of the Solar
System

45. Overview
•Solar system is located in the Milky Way
galaxy
•Its spiral arms rotate around a globular
cluster or bulge of many stars at the center
which lies a supermassive blackhole
•Revolves around the galactic center once in
about 240 million years
•Age: 4.6 billion years based on radioactive
dating meteorites

46. Large Scale Features of the
Solar System (S.S)
•Much of the mass of the S.S. is
concentrated at the center while
angular momentum is held by the outer
planets
•Orbits of the planets are elliptical and
are on the same plane
•All planets revolve around the sun

47. •All planets are located at regular
intervals from the sun
•Periods of revolution of the planets
increase with increasing distance
from the Sun; innermost = fastest;
outermost=slowest
Large Scale Features of the
Solar System (S.S)

48. Small Scale Features
•Most planets rotate prograde
•Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials
with high melting points such as silicates, iron,
and nickel
•Outer four planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune are called gas giants because of gas
dominance and their large size; rotates faster,
lower densities

49. Descartes’ Vortex
Theory
• Proponent: Rene Descartes
(1596-1650)
• Solar system was formed
into bodies which nearly
circular orbits
• planets=primary whirlpool
• Satellites= secondary
whirlpool

50. Buffon’s Collision Theory
•Proponent: George Louis Leclerc,
Comte de Buffon (18th century)
•Planets were formed by the
collision of sun with a giant
comet
•Debris  planets

51. Kant- Laplace
Nebular Theory
•Proponents: Immanuel
Kant and Pierre Simon
Laplace
•A great cloud of gas and
dust, called nebula,
begins to collapse
because of gravitational
pull

52. Jeans-Jeffrey’s
Tidal Theory
• Proponent: Sir James Hopwood
Jeans and Harold Jeffreys
• Sun and planet were produced by
different mechanisms - tidal
theory
• Planets were formed from
substance that was torn out
of the sun

53. Solar Nebular Theory
•Formation of planets involves different stages
•First stage: accretion of grain-sized particles to
form centimeter-sized particles -
planetisimals
•Second stage: formation of more massive
objects – protoplanets

54. Classification of Planets
TERRESTRIAL JOVIAN
Earth-like planets Jupiter-like planets
MVEM ( Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars
JSUN (Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, Neptune)
Inner planets Gas planets
Dense, rocky and metallic
materials
Hydrogen and helium
Inner warm regions Outer cooler region

55. QUESTIONS ?
CLARIFICATIONS?

56. Prepare an Activity Sheet

57. Essay Questions:
•Enumerate and explain the various origin
myths regarding the creation of the universe.
(Give at least 5 myths)
•Differentiate Jovian and terrestrial planets.
(Using Venn Diagram)
•Relate the creation myths and the creation
story found in the bible.

58. •In what ways can we show respect to the ideas
of creation myths?
•Why do we need to study our past? What can we
learn from them?

59. Presentation of Answers