This document provides an overview of data collection methods and techniques. It discusses that data collection is the process of gathering accurate information for research using standard validated methods. There are two main types of data collection: primary data collection such as surveys and experiments conducted by the researcher, and secondary data from existing sources. Some common primary data collection methods described include self-administered questionnaires, mail surveys, telephone surveys, online surveys, and household surveys. Qualitative research methods like focus groups and in-depth interviews are also covered. The document also discusses measurement scales used in research and different projective techniques used to understand underlying motivations in qualitative research.

1. DATA COLLECTION
PRESENTED BY:-
NIKITA SARANGI

2. What is data collection?
• Data collection is a procedure of collecting, measuring and analyzing accurate
insights for research using standard validated techniques.
• It is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an
established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and
evaluate outcomes.
• It is a component of research in all fields of study including physical and social
science, humanities and business.
• In simple words, it is a process to gather information about the relevant topic a of
research which is being done by the researcher.

3. primary data collection
-Process of gathering data through surveys,
interviews, or expriments.

4. Survey vursus Observstion:
• Survey method is also said as
communication method as the data
are collected by communicating
with the respondents, either by
face-to-face oral communication or
by other means like telephone,
mails, etc.
• Observation method is another
type of widely used method of
primary data collection. It is used as
a complementary to survey
method. It is used to furnish, revise
or complement data collected
through the survey.

5. Types:-
Survey methods:
• Personal interviews
• Telephonic interviews
• Mail survey
Observation methods:
• Structured v/s Unstructured
observation
• Lives v/s Record observation
• Direct v/s Indirect observation
• Natural v/s Contrived observation
• Human v/s Mechanical observtion
• Disguised v/s Undisguised
observation

6. Self Administered Questionnaire
• A Self administered questionnaire (SAQ) refers to questionnaire that has
been design specifically to be completed by a respondent without
intervention of the researchers (e.g. an interviewer) collecting data.
• This questionnaire is a structured form that consist of a series of closed-
ended and open ended question.
• It is called self administered as the respondents fill it in themselves, without
an interviewer.

7. Mail Survey
• A mail survey is one in which the postal service, or another mail delivery
service, is used to mail the survey materials to sampled survey addresses.
• According to author Thomas Magione, in mail surveys: Improving quality, it
is good idea to consider mail survey “when your sample(or respondents) is
spread out geographically and you budgwt is modest.”
• This surveys usually involve the research team mailing a questionnaire to a
potential respondent who then fills it out and returs the survey by mail.

8. Telephonic Survey
• A telephonic survey(CATI-Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing)
involve phone agents that contact survey respondents by phone asking
questions to collect information regarding the survey topics.
• Research information are gathered quickly as phone interviews are
immediate and the skilled interviewers complete a lot of surveys in a day.
• In telephone methodology, sampling methods consist of list-assisted,
random digit dialing (RDD) or multiple-frame sampling methods.

9. Online Survey
• Online survey or internet survey, is one of most popular data collection
sources, where a set of survey questions is sent out to a target sample and
the member of the sample can respond to the questions over the world wide
web.
• An online survey is a questionnaire that target audience completes over the
internet generally through filling out a form.
• The main benefit on online surveys for researchers is that the increase
productivity by saving time and cost.

10. Household Survey
• Household surveys are also called face to face survey, which is a traditional
way of data collection.
• This surveys are questionnaires that are given to a sample of households in a
population. Their primary purpose is to provide considerable discretion to
the interviewer about the information requested of respondents.
• Household surveys are also subject to problems, including sampling errors,
which depend on the size and structure of the sample, and non-sampling
error caused by nonresponse and underreporting of questionnaires.

11. Qualitative Research
-Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing
non-numerical data (e.g., text, video or audio) to
understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.

12. Qualitative Research Tools
Direct (Non disguised) Indirect (disguised)
Focus groups Depth interview
Projective Techniques
Association
Techniques
Completion
Techniques
Construction
Techniques
Expressive
Techniques

13. Direct method (non-disguised)
Focus Groups
• A focus group is a form of
qualitative research in whivh a
group of people are asked about
their perceptions, opinions, beliefs
and attitudes towards a product,
service, concept, advertisement,
idea, or packaging.
Depth Interviews
• A qualitative data collection
method, in-depth interviews offer
the opportunity to capture rich,
descriptive data about how people
think and behave, and unfolding
complex processes.

14. Indirect method (disguised)
Projective Techniques
• An unstructured, indirect form of questioning that encourages respondents to
project their underlying motivations, beliefs, attitudes or feelings regarding the issues
of concern.
• This techniques are normally used during individual or small group interviews. They
incorporate a number of different research method. Among the most commonly
used are:
-Word association test -Sentence completion test
-Thematic apperception test(TAT) -Third-person techniques

15. Projective Techniqe’s Categories
• Association Technique: This technique can be a helpful tools to help researcher in
memorizing many unrelated terms and ideas. Association is a powerful memory aid.
• Completion Technique: This is a form of technique where participants are asked
to complete an incomplete situation.
• Construction Technique: A projective technique in which the respondents are
required to construct a response in a form of a story, dialogue, or description.
• Expressive Technique: It is a technique in which the subject is required to
organize and incorporate a particular stimulus into a self-expressive process, such as
role playing, psychodrama, dance, etc.

16. Measurement and scaling
- The term ‘measurement’ means assigning numbers or some
other symbols to the characteristics of certain objects.
- Scaling is an extension of measurement. Scaling involves creating a
continuum on which measurements on objects are located.

17. LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Ratio scale
Interval scale

18. Nominal Scale
• It is the 1st level of level of measurement in which the number are serve as
‘tags’ or ‘labels’ to classify or identify the object.
• A nominal scale usually deals with non-numerical the numbers that do not
have no value.
• Example; What is your gender?
M- Male F- Female
Here, the variable are used as tags, and the answer to this question
should be either M or F.

19. Ordinal Scale
• It is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ordering and ranking of
data without establishing the degree of variation between them.
• Ordinal data is known as qualitative data or categorical data. It can be
grouped, named and also ranked.
• Example; Ranking of school students- 1st , 2nd , 3rd , etc.
Rating a restaurants out of 10 or 5 i.e. 8/10 or 3/5

20. Interval Scale
• It is the 3rd level of measurement scale, it is defined as a qualitative
measurement scale in which the difference between the two variables is
meaningful.
• The variables are measured in an exact manner, not as in a relative way in
which the presence of zero is arbitrary.
• Example; Likert Scale, Net Promoter Score (NPS), Bipolar Matrix Table.

21. Ratio Scale
• It is the 4th level of measurement scale, which is quantitative. It is a type of
variable measurement scale.
• It allows researchers to compare the differences or intervals. The ratio scale
has a unique feature, it processes the character of the origin or zero points.
• Example; What is your weight in kgs?
- Less than 55 kgs - 76-85 kgs
- 56-75 kgs - More than 85 kgs

22. THANK YOU