The document discusses the locomotor system, which includes the skeletal system, joints, and muscles that allow for movement of the body. It is composed of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. There are three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. The skeletal system provides structure, protection, movement, and mineral storage. It is divided into the axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (shoulder girdle, upper and lower limbs). Joints connect bones and allow different types of movement.

1. BY- NIHARIKA VERMA
LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM

2. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
 Locomotor system is necessary for the
movement of body. It consists of
1. Skeleton
2. Joints
3. Muscles

3. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
 The musculoskeletal system (also known as the
locomotor system) is an organ system that give
animals (including humans) the ability to move,
using the muscular and skeletal systems. It
provides form, support, stability, and movement to
the body.
 The musculoskeletal system is made up of the
body’s bone (the skeleton), muscles,
cartilage(connect bones to bones),
tendons(connect muscle to bone), ligaments joints
(movements of joints) and other connective
tissues that support and binds tissue and organs

4. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
 It primary function include supporting the body,
allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. The
bones of the skeletal system provide stability to the
body analogous to a reinforcement bar in concrete
construction.
 Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in
their movement. To allow motion, different bones are
connected by articulating joints, and cartilage prevents
the bone ends from rubbing directly into each other.
 There are about 600 muscles in human body. The
three main type of muscle included skeletal, smooth,
and cardiac. The brain, nerves and skeletal muscles
together to cause movement known as the
Neuromuscular System.

5.  It is flexible
connective tissue,
which connects two
bones or muscles to
holds a joint
together.
 Join bone to bone,
or muscle to muscle.
 Found in joints.
 It is inelastic cord of
fibrous tissue, which
attaches the muscle
to bone.
 Joints muscle to
bone.
 Found in skeletal
muscle.
LIGAMENTS TENDONS

6. Smooth muscle
 Smooth (or visceral muscle)- it is involuntary
muscle.
- Forms the muscle layers in the walls of the
digestive tract, bladder, various ducts, arteries
and veins, and other internal organs.
- Smooth muscles cells are elongated and thin,
have only one nucleus, and form sheets rather
than bundles of muscles.
- Smooth muscle is controlled by the autonomic
nervous system (ANS).

7. Cardiac muscle
 Cardiac (or heart muscle) – a cross between
the smooth and striated muscles, make up the
heart tissue. This is a unique tissue found in
the wall of the heart.
- Like smooth muscle, it is controlled by the
autonomic nervous system (ANS).

8. Skeletal muscle
 Skeletal (or voluntary/striated muscle)- it is most abundant
tissue, in the human body or vertebrae, it produces
movement of various bones of the skeleton.
- Each skeletal muscle fiber is roughly cylindrical, contains
many nuclei, and is crossed by alternating light and dark
bands called Striations.
- Fibers bind together, via connective tissue, into bundles, and
these bundles, in turn, bind together to form muscles.
- Thus, skeletal muscles are composite structures composed
of many muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective
tissue.
- Skeletal muscles are controlled by the somatic nervous
system (SNS).
- It is directly involved in breathing process.

9. Skeletal System
 The human skeletal system consists of all the bones,
cartilage, tendons and ligaments in the body.
 An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones.
 Children skeletons contains more bones because
some of them including those of the skull, fuse
together as they grow up.
 The male skeleton is usually longer and has a high
bone mass. The female skeleton, on the other hand,
has a broader pelvis to accommodate for pregnancy
and child birth.
 The skeletal system can be broken down into two
parts, known as the AXIAL SKELETON and
APPENDICULAR SKELETON.

10. Functions of Skeletal System
 Protecting internal organs from injury.
 Allowing for movement.
 Produce blood cell.
 Storing minerals and nutrients.

11. AXIAL SKELETAL SYSTEM
 The axial skeletal forms the central axis of the
body of the skull, ossicles of the middle ear, hyoid
bone of the throat, vertebral column, and the
thoracic cage (rib cage).
 The function of the axial skeleton is to provide
support and protection for the brain, the spinal
cord, and the organs in the ventral body cavity.
 It provides a surface for the attachments of the
muscles that move the head, neck, and trunk,
performs respiratory movements, and stablizes
parts of the appendicular skeleton.

12.  The axial skeleton which forms the longitudinal
axis of the body it is divided into 3 parts:
1. The skull
2. The vertebral column
3. The bony thorax

13. The skull
 It is formed by 2 sets of bone CRANIUM and
FACIAL BONES. The cranium encloses and
protects the fragile brain tissue and is composed
of eight large flat bones.
CRANIUM BONES
 Parietal (2) – side of the head
 Temporal (2) – for ears
 Frontal (1) – forehead
 Occipital (1) – back of the head
 Ethmoid (1)- inner bone
 Sphenoid (1) – base of the skull

15. FACIAL BONE
 Maxilla (2) – upper jaw
 Mandible (1) – lower jaw
 Zygomatic (2) – cheek bone
 Nasal (2) – nose
 Palatine (2) – mouth
 Inferior nasal Concha (2) – inside nose
 Lacrimal (2) – tear fland
 Vomer (1) – thinner bone in the middle of nasal
cavity

17. The Vertebral Column
 The vertebral column, also called the spine, spinal column or
backbone.
 Composed of series of bones called vertebrae (singular is
vertebra).
 Region of the vertebral column – 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
- 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
- 5 lumber vertebrae (L1-L5)
- 1 sacrum (5fused)
- 1 coccyx (4 fused)
- * The sacrum and coccyx do not have number.
- * Total number of vertebrae during early development in 33.
- * As a child grows, several vertebrae in the sacral and
coccygeal regions fuse.
- * Sacrum and coccyx bone become fused.

18.  The vertebral column is a series of approximately 33 bones called
vertebrae, which each region characterized by a different vertebral
structure.
 The cervical, thoracic, and lumber vertebrae – movable.
 Sacrum and coccyx – immovable
 Between adjacent vertebrae from the second cervical vertebrae to
the sacrum are it inter vertebral disc (inter-between).
 FUNCTIONS: The vertebral column has four main functions
- Protection – encloses and protects the spinal cord within the spinal
canal.
- Support – carries the weight of the body above the pelvis.
- Axis- forms the central axis of the body
- Movement- has roles in both posture and movement.
- 71 cm (28 in)- adult male, 61 cm (24 in)- adult female.

20. The Body Thorax
 Also known as Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs).
 Thoracic cage is a skeletal framework which
supports the thorax.
 It is nature is osteo cartilaginous and elastic.
 The thoracic vertebrae, ribs, costal cartilages, and
sternum form the thoracic cage.
 It gives protection for the internal organs of the
thoracic cavity and supports the superior trunk,
pectoral gridle, and upper limbs.
 It has significant role play for raising or reducing
the intra thoracic pressure to ensure mechanism
of respiration.

21. RIBS
The ribs area set of twelve paired bones which form the protective ‘cage’ of the
thorax. They articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate
anteroily as cartilage (known as costal cartilage).
COSTAL CARTILAGE
- The anterior ends of first 7 ribs are joined to the sternum via their costal
cartilages.
- The cartilages at the anterior ends of 8th,9th, and 10th ribs are joined to the
next higher cartilage.
- The anterior ends of 11th and 12th ribs are free and hence named floating
ribs.
STERNUM
- Central bone of the chest.
- The clavicle and ribs 1 to 7 articulate with the sternum.
- Comprised of the manubrium, the sternum body and xiphoid process.

24. APPENDICULAR SKELETON
SYSTEM
 It includes the bones of the shoulder girdle, the
upper limbs, the pelvic girdle, and the lower limbs.
 The pectoral or shoulder girdle consists of the
scapulae and clavicles. The shoulder girdle
connects the bones of there upper limbs to the
axial skeleton.
 These bones also provide attachment for muscles
that move the shoulders and upper limbs.
 The upper limbs include the bone of the arm
(humerous), forearm (radius and ulna) , wrist and
hand. The only bone of the arm is the humerous,
with articulates with the forearm bones – the
radius and ulna, at the elbow joint. The ulna is the
larger of two forearm bones.

25.  Wrist bones- The wrist, or carpus, consists of eight
carpal bones. The eight carpal bones of the wrist are the
scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezoid,
trapezium, capitate, hamate.
 Hand bones- the hand includes 8 bones in the wrist, 5
bones that form the palm, and 14 bones that form the
fingers and thumb. The wrist bones are called carpals.
The bone that form the palm of the hand are called
metacarpals. The phlanges are the bones of the fingers.
 The pelvic girdle is a ring of bones of the lower limb to
the axial skeleton. The pelvic girdle consists of the right
and left hip bones. Each hip bone is a large, flattened,
and irregularly shaped fusion of three bones: the Ilium,

26.  The lower limbs include the bones of the thigh, leg, and
foot. The femur is the only bone of the thigh. It
articulates with the two bones of the leg the larger tibia
(commonly known as the shin) and smaller fibula.
 The thigh and leg bones articulate at the knee joint that
is protected and enhances by the patella bone that
supports the quadriceps tendon. The bones of the foot
include the tarsus, metatarsus, and phlanges.
 Foot Bones: the bones of the foot consist of the tarsals
bones of the ankles, the planges that form the toes, and
the metatarsals that give the foot its arch. As in the
hand, the metatarsals, five proximal phlanges, five distal
phlanges, but only four middle phlanges (as the foot’s ,

27.  Ankle bones: The ankle, or tarsus, consists of
seven tarsal bones: the calcaneus, talus, cuboid,
navicular, and three cuneiforms.
 Foot arches: The arches of the foot care formed
by the interlocking bones and ligaments of the
foot. They serve as shock – absorbing structures
that supoort body weight and distribute stress
evenly during walking.
- The longitudinal arch of the foot runs from the
calcaneus to the heads of the metatarsals, and
has medial and lateral parts. The transverse arch
of the foot runs across the cuneiforms and the
base of the metatarsal bones.

31. JOINTS
 It is the meeting of 2 bones or more in the
skeletal system.
 Arthrology is the science of studying joints.
 A joint or articulation is the place where two
bones come together.
 Joint classified into two : (i) Functional
Classification
(ii) Structural
Classification

32. .
 Focuses on the
amount of
movement allowed,
immovale freely
movable.
 Focuses on the
material that binds
the joint together.
(i) Fibrous joint –
immovale
(ii) Cartilaginous joints
– slightly movable
(iii) Synovial joints –
Freely Movable
FUNCTIONAL
CLASSIFICATION
STRUCTURAL
CLASSIFICATION

33. JOINTS (Structural
Classification)
(i) Fibrous or fixed Joint– Immovale connect
bones, no movement (skull and pelvis)
(ii) Cartilaginous Joints – Slightly movable
bones are attached by cartilage a little
movement (spine or ribs cartilage)
(iii) Synovial Joints – Freely movable, much
more movement than cartilaginous joints.
Cavities between bones are filled with
synovial fluid. This fluid help lubricate and
protect the bone.

34.  Types of Synovial Joints :
i. Ball and Socket Joints: It allows the greatest range
of movement. In this type of joint, head of bone
is fits into a socket of another bone. Held
together by ligaments and tendons. Example:
Shoulder and hip joints.
ii. Hinge Joints: It allow flexion and extension with
only a small amount of rotation. Example: Elbow,
knee, ankle, finger, toes.
iii. Pivot Joint: It allows only rotation. Example:
Proximal and destal radio ulner joint.

35. iv. Gliding Joints: In this joint the articular surface
of bone it looks flat and move on the another
bone in sliping movement. Example:
Sternoclavicular joint and joint between
carpal and tarsal bone.
v. Saddle Joints: The saddle joints allow the
movement of the joint forward and backward
and right to left. Example: Wrist joint.