3. MVD
⢠Virus belongs to the filoviridae group
⢠Considered extremely dangerous , considered BSL 4 pathogen. Listed as a
category A bioterrorism agent.
⢠Causes a haemorrhagic fever in humans
⢠Average case fatality is around 50%. CFRs have varied between 24%-84% in
past outbreaks . Dependent on virus strain and case management .
⢠Fruit bat Rosusettus aegyptiacus considered to be the natural hosts .
⢠Transmission to humans from fruit bats and spread via contact amongst
humans.
⢠Community engagement is key to successfully controlling out breaks
4. CURRENT OUTBREAK
⢠The current outbreak in Ghana is the second in the W. African region over
the last 2 years .
⢠2 regions , 3 cases CFR -66.7%
⢠The first was in Guinea in 2020.
⢠Uganda seems to be the country with more outbreaks in the AFRO region.
5. TRANSMISSION
⢠Human â human
⢠Contact ( broken skin or mucous membranes) with blood, secretions, organs
or other bodily fluids from infected people .
⢠Contact with formites ( bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids .
⢠HCW usually infected whilst treating patients with suspected or
confirmed MVD without appropriate PPE.
⢠Documented transmission via needle stick injuries, usually associated
with more severe, rapid deterioration .
⢠Burial ceremonies may also contribute when there is direct contact
with the body
⢠People remain infectious as long as their blood contain the virus .
6. Clinical Features
Varied incubation period ( 2-21 days). 5-10 days
⢠High fever
⢠Severe headache
⢠Severe malaise
⢠Myalgia
Abrupt onset
⢠Watery diarrhoea
⢠Abdominal cramping with pain
⢠Nausea and vomiting
⢠Appearance of patients described as âghost-likeâ
⢠Possible non itchy rash maculopapular rash prominent on the
trunk
Days 3-7
⢠Days 5-7
⢠Devpt of haemorrhagic
manifestations
⢠Sustained fevers
⢠Irritability
⢠Aggression
⢠Confusion
⢠Days 8-9
⢠Shock
⢠Death
⢠Day 15
⢠Orchitis
7. DIAGNOSIS
⢠Very difficult to clinically distinguish MVD from other ID such as malaria,
typhoid , shigellosis, Covid 19 and other VHFs.
⢠Other differentials when presenting with haemorrhagic manifestations
include UGI bleeds, Envenomination etc.
Clinical diagnosis
⢠ELISA
⢠RT-PCR
⢠Virus isolation by cell culture
Lab diagnosis
8. WET SYMPTOMS
⢠Diarrhea, vomiting
⢠Bleeding (in vomit, stool, urine, gums,
nose, etc.)
⢠Pregnancy loss (e.g., miscarriage).
⢠The bleeding is unusual and non-
traumatic.
DRY SYMPTOMS
⢠High fever (âĽ38°C) or history of fever in
the last 48 hours
⢠headache
⢠extreme tiredness, loss of appetite
⢠nausea, abdominal pain
⢠sore throat, muscle and joint pain red
eyes, skin rash
⢠hiccups
⢠difficulty in breathing and drowsiness
9. Triaging
⢠Please remember not to cohort patients with wet and dry symptoms
together .
⢠Not all patients with symptoms have MVD.
⢠This will help reduce cross infection in the isolation area.
10. Management
⢠Treatment
⢠No vaccines
⢠No antivirals
⢠Main stay of treatment is supportive care
⢠Adequate hydration
⢠Correction of electrolyte imbalances
⢠Restoration of blood volume
⢠Management of co-morbidities
⢠Diabetes , hypertension , mental illness , SCDx, HIV etc
11. Keys to ensuring good prognosis
⢠At the isolation units patients should be managed symptomatically
⢠Most poor outcomes are as a result of neglect once the case is
labelled as suspect and isolated .
⢠Dehydration must be corrected
⢠Shock corrected ( R/L preferred fluid for correction, N/S can be used
in its absence.
⢠Blood volume must be replaced ( appropriate blood products)
⢠Labs should be notified when samples for routine tests are sent so
they are appropriately handled .
20. Viral persistence post recovery
⢠Virus may persist in some immune privileged sites , namely testes and
eye.
⢠Documented transmission via infected semen 7 weeks after clinical
recovery.
⢠Documented evidence of persistence of virus in placenta, amniotic
fluid and foetus of women who were infected whilst pregnant .
⢠May persist in breast milk too.
⢠Documentation of relapse â symptomatic illness in the absence of
reinfection .
21. WHO Recommendation for male survivors
⢠Enrol into semen testing programmes after discharge . ( 2 consecutive
negative results )
⢠Offer semen testing within 3 months of disease onset . ( patient must
be mentally and physically ready ).
⢠Safe sex practices until semen has twice tested negative for Marbug
virus , this can continue for up to close to 12 months .
22.
23. Summary
⢠MVD may carry a high CFR , however with early intervention ,
outcomes may be better .
⢠Clinical care of MVD begins with close monitoring to recognise
warning signs of critical illness.
⢠For critically ill patients , careful provision of supportive care ,
including use of antimicrobials if needed can be life saving
⢠Survivors also need long term care .