, , " LffiNOIDAU Nhfun giup h,rcluc;mgky thu~t cua TAngCong ty M~g lucriViertel nfun duQ'c cac thu~t ngfr, khai ni~m ca ban trong ky thu~t viSn thOng, TAng Cong ty M~g lucriViertel ban hanh tai li~u "sA tay kY thu~t vi~n thong- Quy~n 1- Cae thu~t ngfr kY thu~t vi~n thong" danh cho can be)va nhan vien ky thu~t dang lam vi~c trong T6ng Cong ty. Tai li~u dS c~p dSn cac thu~t ngfr, khai ni~m lien quan dSn cac lInh VVC Viertel dang khai thac, duQ'cbien so~ theo tieu chi chinh xac, dS hiSu, ng1fugQn va co anh x~ vao m~ng lucricua Viettel. Ne)idung tai li~u bao g6m 8 phfrn: Phfin 1: TAng quan m~ng vi~n thong. Phfin 2: M~ng di o{)ng. Phfin 3: M~ng e8 oinh. ~ ~ N Phan 4: M~ng truyen dan. Phfin 5: M~ng truy~n tai IP. " Phan 6: H~ tang. Phfin 7: CO"oi~n. Phfin 8: Phfin m~m quanly kY thu~t. ~ , , " LffiNOIDAU Nhfun giup h,rcluc;mgky thu~t cua TAngCong ty M~g lucriViertel nfun duQ'c cac thu~t ngfr, khai ni~m ca ban trong ky thu~t viSn thOng, TAng Cong ty M~g lucriViertel ban hanh tai li~u "sA tay kY thu~t vi~n thong- Quy~n 1- Cae thu~t ngfr kY thu~t vi~n thong" danh cho can be)va nhan vien ky thu~t dang lam vi~c trong T6ng Cong ty. Tai li~u dS c~p dSn cac thu~t ngfr, khai ni~m lien quan dSn cac lInh VVC Viertel dang khai thac, duQ'cbien so~ theo tieu chi chinh xac, dS hiSu, ng1fugQn va co anh x~ vao m~ng lucricua Viettel. Ne)idung tai li~u bao g6m 8 phfrn: Phfin 1: TAng quan m~ng vi~n thong. Phfin 2: M~ng di o{)ng. Phfin 3: M~ng e8 oinh. ~ ~ N Phan 4: M~ng truyen dan. Phfin 5: M~ng truy~n tai IP. " Phan 6: H~ tang. Phfin 7: CO"oi~n. Phfin 8: Phfin m~m quanly kY thu~t. ~, , " LffiNOIDAU Nhfun giup h,rcluc;mgky thu~t cua TAngCong ty M~g lucriViertel nfun duQ'c cac thu~t ngfr, khai ni~m ca ban trong ky thu~t viSn thOng, TAng Cong ty M~g lucriViertel ban hanh tai li~u "sA tay kY thu~t vi~n thong- Quy~n 1- Cae thu~t ngfr kY thu~t vi~n thong" danh cho can be)va nhan vien ky thu~t dang lam vi~c trong T6ng Cong ty. Tai li~u dS c~p dSn cac thu~t ngfr, khai ni~m lien quan dSn cac lInh VVC Viertel dang khai thac, duQ'cbien so~ theo tieu chi chinh xac, dS hiSu, ng1fugQn va co anh x~ vao m~ng lucricua Viettel. Ne)idung tai li~u bao g6m 8 phfrn: Phfin 1: TAng quan m~ng vi~n thong. Phfin 2: M~ng di o{)ng. Phfin 3: M~ng e8 oinh. ~ ~ N Phan 4: M~ng truyen dan. Phfin 5: M~ng truy~n tai IP. " Phan 6: H~ tang. Phfin 7: CO"oi~n. Phfin 8: Phfin m~m quanly kY thu~t. ~

1. WELCOME

2. PRODUCT TRAINING -
RF TRANSMISSION LINES
Mr. Dominic Lobriza
Product Manager
RF Transmission Lines and Microwave Antenna Systems
dominic.lobriza@rfsworld.com
May 2009
ADIO FREQUENCY SYSTEMS

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Consider this: A floating BTS!
- stationary platform for transmitting various
types of wireless communications services
currently transmitted from cell towers and
satellites.
- Approx 21 km above ground
- clear line-of-sight to approximately 770,000
square km (Vietnam is 329,560 sq km)
- proposed telecommunications uses include
cellular, 3G/4G mobile, MMDS, paging, fixed
wireless telephony, HDTV and others.
Stratellite™ by

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Today’s Topics
• RF Cable Typical Applications
• Transmission Line Theory
• Accessories
• Handling and Logistics

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RF Transmission Line Typical Applications -
Base Transceiver Station
Base Transceiver Station
Base Transceiver Station
Base Station Controller
Base Transceiver Station
(BTS)

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Components of a Typical BTS –
Typically approx 10% of total cost but could be the cause of up to 80% of the problem!
- Connectors
- Antennas
- Jumpers
- Feeder
- Accessories
- Clamps
- Hoisting grips
- Grounding Kits
- Sealing
- Surge Protectors
- Wall glands

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Types of Cable

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Types of Cables
HELIFLEX® Air Dielectric Coaxial Cable
PE-Spiral / Air dielectric
Helical corrugation
CELLFLEX® Foam Dielectric Coaxial Cable
Low loss PE foam dielectric
Helical corrugation - SCF
Annular corrugation – LCF, UCF
RADIAFLEX® Radiating Cable
Smooth wall, slot patterns
Annular corrugated, milled slots
FLEXWELL® Elliptical Waveguide
Standard & premium
Overmoded, Low loss

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Cable Diameters – 1/4” to 2-1/4”
Connectors: Various types and sizes
– N, DIN, EIA
CELLFLEX® Range of Coaxial Foam Cables

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Parts of Co-Axial Foam Cable
• Inner conductor
- copper wire
- solid aluminium copper clad
• Dielectric
- low loss foam polyethylene
• Outer conductor
- copper tube
- corrugated copper tube
• Jacket
- black polyethylene
- abrasion resistant, halogen free,
UV resistant and non-corrosive
Different Options available
- LCF & UCF type:
annularly corrugated copper tube
- SCF types:
helically corrugated copper tube

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Aluminum outer
Copper Inner
Cable Sizes: LCF78-50JL, UCF78-50JL and LCF158-50JL
Coming Soon: LCF12-50JL, LCFS114-50JL, UCF114-50JL
The NEW CELLFLEX Lite series – Aluminium cable!

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Important Electrical Specifications
• Attenuation, Insertion Loss
• Return Loss, VSWR
• Operating Frequency
• Screening efficiency
• Passive Intermodulation

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Attenuation & Insertion Loss dB/m
 Attenuation -
- is a measurement of signal loss in a cable as a result of:
Conductor loss
Dielectric loss
Radiation loss
Example:
SCF12 = 0.169 dB/m @ 2100MHz
LCF12 = 0.108 dB/m @ 2100MHz
LCF78 = 0.059 dB/m @ 2100MHz
LCFS114 = 0.045 dB/m @ 2100MHz
 Insertion loss - is the total power loss from one end to the other end of
cable which attenuation is usually the largest contributor
Pref (Conn)
Pref (cable)
Atten (cable)
Atten (Conn) Atten (Conn)
Pref (Conn)
Pin Pout

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Return Loss or Reflection Factor (VSWR)
matched load
Reflection
factor
Ui
Ur
Ur
Ui
r=
Left over particle
• VSWR - (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) - Is a ratio of the maximum voltage to the
minimum voltage (standing wave) in a line caused by an impedance mismatch.
Impedance changes can occur inside the cable or at the connection to another
device. Ideal VSWR (no reflection) would be 1:1.00.
VSWR and Return Loss Table
VSWR
Return
Loss (dB)
Power
Transmitted
(%)
Power
Reflected
(%)
1.00 -- 100.0 0.0
1.05 32.30 99.9 0.1
1.09 27.30 99.8 0.2
1.15 23.10 99.5 0.5
1.20 20.80 99.2 0.8
1.30 17.70 98.3 1.7
1.50 14.00 96.0 4.0
1.70 11.70 93.3 6.7
2.00 9.50 88.9 11.1
2.50 7.40 81.6 18.4
6.00 2.90 49.0 51.0
Damaged

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Operating Frequency
• Maximum operating frequency.
- Up to this frequency accessories (connectors) are available
and the properties of the cable are well known.
• Cut- off- frequency.
- Beyond this point operation is not possible.
Examples Max Operating Freq:
LCF12 = 8.8 Ghz max.
LCF78 = 5 Ghz max.
LCFS114 = 2.75ghz max.

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Power Handling
• Peak power
• Limited by voltage breakdown between inner and
outer conductor. Independent of frequency
• Average power
• Input power at which the inner conductor reaches
the temperature for the dielectric material (100
deg C). Rating decreases as frequency increases
Examples Peak Power:
LCF12 = 38kw
LCF78 = 85kw
LCFS114 = 310kw

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Shielding Effectiveness
• Ability to keep unwanted signals “out” and wanted signals “in” the cable
Solid copper corrugated have excellent shielding
Insures RF integrity
Eliminates interference
Braided cables have poor shielding
RF energy leaks through the spaces between the braided wire
resulting in poor shielding and high attenuation

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IM/PIM (Passive Intermodulation)
• Problem with PIM occurs when:
• High transmit levels
• High receiver sensitivity
• Several transmit channels
• Where only one antenna for transmission and receive path is
used
• In passive elements there are some dominant contributors of
linearity
• Similar or dissimilar metal to metal joints
• Plasma effects (local high fields causing corona)
• Magnetic non-linear effects
• High current density
• For cable and connectors the metal to metal joints are the most
significant PIM contributors

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Mechanical Parameters
Bend Moment
Tensile Strength
Crush StrengthWeight
Flexibility
Diameter

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Mechanical Parameters
• Diameter – Bigger cables means more $$$$$$.
• Flexibility – Ability to go through curves and bends
• Weight – Heavy cables need more resources.
• Bending Moment – A measure of rigidity.
• Tensile and Crush Strength – Both can lead to cable deformation
(VSWR problem)
• Bending Radius

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Bend Radius
r
Bend radius (Multiple and Single)
- A smallest radius the cable can be
bent without damaging or
compromising its performance
Example:
SCF12 – S: 32mm
LCF12 – M: 125mm, S: 70mm
LCF78 – M: 250mm, S: 250mm

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Bending Moment
• Moment required to bend the cable to the
minimum bend radius
• Corrugated cables have less bending
moment.
Example:
SCF12 – 1.8 N-M
LCF12 – 5.0 N-M
LCF78 – 13.0 N-M
LCFS114 – 43N-M

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New OMNI FIT™ Standard Connectors

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Connectors – Part Numbering System
(0)6x – PLAST 2000 RAPID FITTM Type
(0)22 – OMNI FITTM Premium Type
(B)3x - OMNI FITTM Standard Type
Group Indicator
0 –RAPID FITTM or
OMNI FITTM Premium
Type
B - OMNI FITTM
Standard Type

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Feature Benefit OEM Operator Installer
Cost effective two-piece design Safe and easy installation.
☺ ☺
Compatible with copper and aluminium
cable types
One connector for both outer conductor
materials eliminates the risk of faulty connector
installation and helps to keep inventory down. ☺ ☺
Robust mechanical design for low and
consistent intermodulation performance
Keeps the mobile network performance up,
reduces the number of dropped calls and
avoids revenue losses.
☺ ☺
Superior electrical performance for
consistent and repeatable low VSWR
Improved network system performance.
☺
Waterproof to IP 66/68 No downtime risk, secures revenue.
☺
RoHS (EU) and CRoHS (China)
compliant
Can be used on a global basis.
☺
OMNI FIT ™ Standard Benefits

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Jumpers

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Feature Benefit OEM Operator Installer
Stable VSWR, low and consistent
intermodulation performance
Improved network performance, reduces
the number of dropped calls and avoids
revenue losses.
☺ ☺
Waterproof to IP 68 No downtime risk, secures revenue.
☺ ☺
Jumper label is serialized Ensure traceability
☺ ☺ ☺
Available with standard “J” or flame-
retardant "JFN” jacket types
Usable in all applications
☺
Compliant to RoHS (EU) and CRoHS
(China)
Usable on a global basis.
☺
Factory Fit Jumper - Benefits

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Cable Grounding
Pre-assembled grounding kit
• Leak and UV resustant
• very easy to install
Model .No.: HSE-** 005

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Feature Benefit OEM Operator Installer
Safe and easy installation Eliminated risk of errors and less installation
cost ☺ ☺
Compatible with copper and aluminium
cable types
One grounding kit for both outer conductor
materials eliminates the risk of faulty
grounding kit installation and helps to keep
inventory down.
☺ ☺
Waterproof to IP 68 No downtime risk, secures revenue.
☺ ☺
Compliant with relevant standards as
lightning current carrying capability: 100
kA (Pulse 10/350 µs according to EN-
50164)
Can meet the most demanding standards.
☺
No deterioration of the electrical
properties of CELLFLEX® cables.
Trouble-free use.
☺
Resistant to all relevant environmental
influences.
No maintenance required, reduced risk of long
term failure. ☺
No additional sealing required Less risk of errors in craftsmanship.
☺ ☺
Compliant to RoHS (EU) and CRoHS
(China)
Usable on a global basis.
☺
GKSPEED Grounding benefits
Cable Grounding

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Recommended Grounding Points
Best placeEMP devices Acceptable place

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EMP Protection – /4 Stub
Type
Features
• DC short circuit via /4-stub
• N and 7-16 connectors
• DC-path not available
• No serviceable parts
• Narrowband models offer
premium VSWR
• Residual voltage current
dependent
• Housing options

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EMP Protection – Gas Type
Features
• Built-in gas capsule
• N and 7-16 connectors
• DC-path available
• Breakdown voltages can be
selected via capsule 90V,
230V and 350V
• Regular inspection
recommended
• Broadband applications DC-
2.5GHz
• Replaceable gas capsule for
ease of maintenance
• Residual voltage app. 80V
• Housing options

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ACCESSORIES

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• Butterfly
• Snap In
• Multi-Block
• RSB
• Angle adaptors
RSB-78 Clip MBH- 78-6 Clamp-78
Snap-78
RSB-310 Cleat
Installation Accessories

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• Angle Member Adapters
• Round Member Adapters
• Installation aids
• Hoisting grips
RMA-100
Angle-CLPI
HOIST2-78L
Installation Accessories

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FTP4-2x3
FTP4-2x4
BOOT4-78-3
WFT-78
• Supports transmission
lines through walls or
roofs
• Seals around
transmission line
entries
• Commonly referred to
as “boots”
Accessories – Feed Throughs

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RF Transmission Lines
• Handling and installation

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Connector Installation - Preparation
•Tilt end of cable downwards to
prevent copper chips falling in to
the cable
•Straighten cable end, approx. 1m
knocking from bottom side

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Tools for Connector Installation
Preparation tools for easy and safe
installation of connectors Complete tool case for CELLFLEX®
cables are available
Mod.No.: TRIM-T01

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Connector Installation
Trimming Tools for SCF, UCF & LCF up to the Cable Size 78-50
makes the connector assembly easy
Mod.No.: TRIM-
**-S (SCF cable)
Mod.No.: TRIM-
**-L (LCF cable)
Precision
combination preparation tool

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Connector Installation
Trimming Tools for Drilling Machines
Device for 14V power rating drill
Automated trimming tool
Grip tightly
Mod.No.: TRIM-L***-A

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Connector Installation - Trimming Tool for LCF 114-50 & 158-50
High precision combination preparation tool
Combination preparation tool
for LCF 114 – 50 & 158 – 50
Mod.No.:TRIM-114-C12

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Connector Installation
- Instruction Included in Each Packet
Connectors
Sample: Part of instruction
Step by Step instructions shown.

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Accessories - Weatherproofing
• Additional environmental protection
• Examples
 Cold Shrinks
 Weatherproofing Kit (butyl & rubber tape)
• Used at connector joints
• Customers prefer the “insurance”
WPFG-1
COLD-021

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Additional Sealing - Hot Shrink Sleeve
Sealing with hot shrink sleeve
+ absolute water proofed sealing
(if correct installed!)
+ stabilisation of connection
- not easy to install
(specially during bad weather)
- hard to remove
- hot air gun or gas burner needed
- easy to make mistakes during
installation
1
2
3

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Additional Sealing
Weatherproofing Kit (Butyl & Electrical Tapes)
Sealing with sealing tapes
+ no additional tools necessary
+ not necessary to open the connection
- not easy to install (specially during bad
weather)
- perfect sealing depends on correct
installation
- easy to make mistakes during
installation (e.g. touch with fingers on
the tape in sealing areas)
- very difficult to install where cables are
close together
min. 50mm min. 50mm
min. 50mm
min. 50mm
1
2
3
4
Do not Pull the tape
during the last few
turns otherwise the
tape will unravel
Model No.: WPFG-1

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Additional Sealing - Self – Amalgamating Tape
Sealing with sealing tapes
+ no additional tools necessary
+ not necessary to open the connection
- not easy to install (specially during
bad weather)
- perfect sealing depends on correct
installation
- easy to make mistakes during
installation (e.g. touch with fingers on
the tape in sealing areas)
- if more than one cable runs consist
close together very difficult to install
Different tapes available

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Additional Sealing - Cold Shrink Kit
1 2 3
The fast fit
simple & very fast installation
 no tools required
 no heat required
 tight sealing
 water-proof protection
 easy to remove
1. Slide the cold shrink tube over the
cable and set foam strips – note the
wrapping direction
2. Join the connectors and place the tube
3. Shrink the tube by pulling the core by
hand

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Testing
• Sitemaster
 Distance To Fault
 Cable Loss
 Return Loss
Tests for:
Refer to Manufacturer’s
Operating Manual

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Rules of Thumb When Testing Tx Lines
• Always check the quality of the calibration equipment before
troubleshooting, ensuring the accuracy of the equipment
• Double-check the published spec of the product when verifying with test
equipment
• Double-check the interface and connecter termination for proper torque
• Ensure proper installation methods were followed during connectorization

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RF Transmission Lines
• Logistics

52. DomJLob Page 52
SHANGHAI
CHINA
•
MERIDEN
USA
•
HANNOVER
GERMANY
•
SAO PAULO
BRAZIL
•
BALABANOVO
RUSSIA
•
•
Production Sites
SHANGHAI
MERIDEN
HANNOVER BALABANOVO
SÃO PAULO
Production locations to serve all major markets with tailored capacity and optimized reactivity

53. DomJLob Page 53
Cable Packaging
Drums packed on pallets
protected by wooden lagging
Drums packed on pallets
with only reduced protection
Short lengths of cable are
shipped in crates or cartons
Std Drum Lengths
½” – 1000 +/-10% mtrs/drum
7/8” 500 +/-10% mtrs/drum
1-1/4” 500 +/-10% mtrs/drum

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Delivery Lead Time
Typical
• Manufacturing: 4 - 6 weeks After
Receipt of Order
• Shipping:
By Sea – 5-7 weeks
By Air - 2-3 weeks (Huge difference in freight
cost)

55. Thank You

56. DomJLob Page 56
Cable assembly and Test Demonstration