2. Introduction
Imaging technique use to screen various superficial structures…
Noncontact & Non invasive
Nonradiation
Fast, Efficient and Safe
Micron resolution
Reproducible diagnostic imaging
Bhende M,Optical coherence tomography: A guide to interpretation of common macular diseases.
Indian J Ophthalmol 2018;66:20-35
4. Principle of OCT
Bhende M,Optical coherence tomography: A guide to interpretation of common macular diseases.
Indian J Ophthalmol 2018;66:20-35
5. Types of oct
Time domain Spectral domain
Reference mirror moves Reference mirror stationary
1 pixel at a time 2048 pixel at a time
Slow Rapid
Motion artifacts present No motion artifacts
Less sharp images Sharper and clear images
15. Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) causes both demyelination and axonal loss
pRNFL thickness can be used to assess axonal loss
MS patients who have not experienced a clinical episode of optic neuritis, the
average pRNFL thickness has been shown to be thinner than in healthy controls
Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:460–469
16. Multiple Sclerosis
Microcystic retinal edema without a clinically identifiable cause can
be seen in the inner nuclear layer (INL) in patients with MS
GCL and inner plexiform layer (IPL) are preferentially affected.
Combined GCL and IPL thickness has been shown to be superior to
RNFL thickness in correlation to severity of disease.
Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:460–469
17. Multiple Sclerosis
The progressive thinning of retinal layers as measured by OCT varies
depending on the subtype Of MS.
RNFL thickness correlates with T1 or T2 lesion volume, grey matter atrophy,
MTR, and diffusion tensor imaging measures (DTI).
Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:460–469
19. NMO
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) typically follows a more aggressive and
debilitating course.
After at least 3 months, the peripapillary RNFL is typically thinner
following NMO optic neuritis compared to MS optic Neuritis……
Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:460–469
20. NMO
In NMO optic neuritis, RNFL loss is more severe, diffuse, and
involves the superior and inferior quadrants.
In MS optic neuritis, RNFL loss is less severe and predominantly
affects the temporal quadrant that contains the papillomacular bundle
Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:460–469
21. Demyelinating optic neuritis
Combined GCL - IPL thickness decreases before RNFL thinning in eyes
with optic neuritis
Optic neuritis have diffuse thinning of the pRNFL with preferential
involvement of the temporal quadrant.
RNFL thickness below 75 mm are more likely to have persistent visual
field defects
Neurol Clin Pract 2015;5:460–469
22. Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
As papillomacular bundle thickens at the presymptomatic stage, pRNFL
thickness (pRNFLT) increases.
mGCC thickness decreases at presentation as atrophy of the macular retinal
ganglion cells (RGC) sets in
mGCC damage begins as early as 6 weeks before the onset of visual loss in
LHON
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017, 28:000–000
23. Papilledema
OCT can also aid in differentiation of optic nerve head drusen (i.e.,
pseudo papilledema) from papilledema
Degree of pRNFL thickening of more than 127 microns gave a 73%
sensitivity and specificity
OCT volumetric measurements correlate well with clinical grading
of optic nerve head photographs,
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017, 28:000–000
24. Optic pathway glioma
Patients with neurofibromatosis-1 (NF1) with OPGs were found to have
thinner peripapillary RNFL and maculae than healthy controls
Similarly, combined macular GCL-IPL thickness was thinner in children
with OPGs and vision loss
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017, 28:000–000
25. Compressive optic neuropathy
Enlargement of the optic cup and thinning of the RNFL
More thinning nasally and temporally in compressive optic neuropathy
OCT can be used to predict the likelihood of postoperative visual recovery
Patients with thinning (less than 97.5%of normal) of the RNFL were less
likely to show any improvement in visual acuity or visual fields
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017, 28:000–000
26. NAION
Ganglion cell complex measurements have shown to correlate well with the
severity and location of visual field loss.
NAION eyes showed significant thinning of macular ganglion cell inner
plexiform layer (GCIPL) as early as 2.2 days after symptoms onset.
Degree of initial pRNFL swelling correlated with the severity of atrophy, as
well as the level of functional impairment,…
27. Alzheimer disease
Decreased macular thickness and RNFL thinning are associated with
abnormalities on electroretinogram.
There is decreased choroidal thickness in patients with AD compared
to healthy controls
Rev Neurol Dis. 2009;6(4):E105-E120 doi: 10.3909/rind0243
28. Parkinson disease
Ophthalmologic manifestations of Parkinson disease (PD) include:-
Decreased visual acuity,
Decreased contrast sensitivity,
Hallucinations,
Altered color perception,
Prolonged visual evoked potential latency
The meta-analysis found a higher prevalence of RNFL thinning at the
temporal quadrant compared to other quadrants.
Rev Neurol Dis. 2009;6(4):E105-E120 doi: 10.3909/rind0243
29. Parkinson disease
GCL thickness was inversely correlated with disease duration and severity.
The differential thicknesses of the outer nuclear layer and outer plexiform
layer could help distinguish PSP from MSA.
Rev Neurol Dis. 2009;6(4):E105-E120 doi: 10.3909/rind0243
30. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
In a study of 24 patients with ALS, there were significantly lower
measures of average RNFL, INL, and macular thickness compared to
controls.
Rev Neurol Dis. 2009;6(4):E105-E120 doi: 10.3909/rind0243
31. Drug Toxicity
Vigabatrin-attributed visual field loss is asymptomatic at early stage
with normal fundoscopy or subtle retinal changes only.
Fingolimod asso macular edema(FAME) can be diagnosed by
macular OCT.
Rev Neurol Dis. 2009;6(4):E105-E120 doi: 10.3909/rind0243
32. Opthalmological uses
For purposes of analysis, the OCT image of the retina can be
subdivided vertically into four regions
Pre-retina
Epi-retina
Intra-retina
Sub-retina
35. OCT IN GLAUCOMA
Diagnosing and monitoring the glaucomatous change.
Evaluating the RNFL for early (pre- perimetric) glaucoma detection.
Evaluation of cystoid macular edema after combined cataract and
glaucoma surgery.
36. ANTERIOR SEGMENT OCT
Corneal thickness and keratoconus evaluation
Anterior chamber angle
Assessing the fit of intraocular lens implants
Results of corneal implants
42. Limitations
Quality of OCT depends on the transparency of the ocular media
OCT is operator dependent
The statistical analysis is based on a control population, which may not be
accurate depending on the population studied
43. Conclusion
Helps in diagnosis, treatment monitoring and deciding prognosis of
neurological illness.
Can replace need of tissue biopsy in future.
Required further research to make it more clinically applicable.
Novel and developing imaging modality.
44. References
Neoplasia, vol 2, jan-apr, 2000 pp 9-25
Review Neurological Dis. 2009;6(4):E105-E120 doi: 10.3909/rind0243
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017, 28:000–000
Neurology Clinical Pract 2015;5:460–469
Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2013 May ; 24(3): 213–221.
Bhende M,Optical coherence tomography: A guide to interpretation of
common macular diseases. Indian J Ophthalmol 2018;66:20-35
Uptodate.com
through a complex and incompletely understood inflammatory and neurodegenerative process
this may independently affect visual function……………
in correlations with scores from the Expanded Disability Status Scale, visionrelated quality of life metrics, as well as high- and low-contrast visual acuity testing
Compared to clinically isolated syndrome, both secondary progressive MS and relapsing-remitting MS had significantly thinner measurements
Thinning of the GCL can be detected by 1 month
LHON may be misdiagnosed, or the diagnosis delayed, especially in LHON patients with normal disc appearance and pupillary reaction
differentiating between pseudo-papilledema and true papilledema
where for Frisen scale 0 to scale 4 the total retinal volumes were 11.36, 12.53, 14.42, 17.48, and 21.81, respectively
, whereas patients with NF1 without OPGs had measurements that were similar to healthy controls……………..
following resection of parachiasmal tumor
(defined as measurement between ILM to outer boundary of the IPL)
A prospective longitudinal study of 16
compared to unaffected eyes,
AD with normal visual acuity, normal visual fields, and normal color vision…
Although it can be diagnosed and monitored by electrophysiology and perimetry, respectively, these tests may not be feasible or reliable in children or adults with coexisting cognitive limitations
thus helping physicians to distinguish visual loss caused by FAME from recurrent optic neuritis