The document provides an overview of the Enlightenment period in European history. It lists important Enlightenment philosophers such as Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot, and Beccaria and briefly describes some of their major works. It also discusses Enlightenment examinations of economics with physiocrats like Quesnay and Adam Smith. Finally, it debates whether the Enlightenment led to great or modest political reforms and profiles some Enlightened despots like Frederick the Great, Catherine the Great, Maria Theresa, and Joseph II who applied Enlightenment ideas to politics.

1. THE ENLIGHTENMENT
AP EUROPEAN HISTORY @ CAPITAL HIGH SCHOOL

2. THE PHILOSOPHES

3. VOLTAIRE
1694-1778
“CRUSH THE INFAMOUS
THING!”
CANDIDE

4. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU
1689-1775, FRANCE
SPIRIT OF LAWS (1748)
CHECKS AND
BALANCES

5. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU
1712-1778, FRANCE
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
(1762)
EMILE (1762)

6. DENIS DIDEROT
1713-1784, FRANCE
THE ENCYCLOPEDIA

10. MARQUIS DI BECCARIA
1738-1794, ITALY
ON CRIMES AND
PUNISHMENT (1764)

11. THE ENLIGHTENMENT
EXAMINES ECONOMICS...

12. FRANCOIS QUESNAY
1694-1774, FRANCE
PHYSIOCRATS

13. ADAM SMITH
1727-1790, ENGLISH
THE WEALTH OF
NATIONS (1776)

14. WOMEN IN THE
ENLIGHTENMENT

15. THE SALON MOVEMENT

16. MARY WOLLESTONECRAFT
ENGLAND

17. THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS:
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
APPLIED TO POLITICS

18. A DEBATE...
THE ENLIGHTENMENT CREATED:
GREAT REFORMS?
OR
MODEST REFORMS?

19. IN PLACES WHERE THERE WASN’T
A REVOLUTION...
MODEST REFORMS:
RELIGIOUS TOLERATION
STREAMLINED LEGAL CODES
INCREASED ACCESS TO EDUCATION
REDUCTION OF TORTURE AND THE DEATH PENALTY

20. FREDERIC II:
(FREDERIC THE GREAT!)
WAR OF AUSTRIAN
SUCCESSION
SEVEN YEARS’ WAR
DIPLOMATIC
REVOLUTION
“FIRST SERVANT OF
THE STATE”

21. CATHERINE THE GREAT
PUGACHEV REBELLION
PARTITION OF POLAND

22. MARIA THERESA
...NOT AN
“ENLIGHTENED
DESPOT?”

23. JOSEPH II
MAJOR REFORMER