This document discusses breeding methods for cross-pollinated crops. It describes 10 different breeding methods including mass selection, backcrossing, heterosis breeding, and transgenic breeding. It focuses on two main categories of breeding for cross-pollinated crops: population improvement and hybrid/synthetic varieties. Population improvement methods include mass selection and progeny testing methods like ear-to-row selection and recurrent selection. Mass selection involves selecting plants based on phenotype without progeny testing, while ear-to-row selection and recurrent selection do involve progeny testing over multiple generations.

1. BREEDING METHODS OF CROSS POLLINATED CROPS:
Dr. NAVEENKUMAR K.L
Assistant Professor
Dept. Of Genetics and Plant Breeding
UAHS Shivamogga

2. Methods of Breeding Allogamous / Cross pollinated species
1. Plant introduction
2. Mass and progeny selection
3. Backcross method
4. Heterosis breeding
5. Recurrent selection
6. Synthetic breeding
7. Composite breeding
8. Polyploidy breeding
9. Distant hybridization
10.Transgenic breeding

3.  Population of cross pollinated crops are highly
heterozygous as well as heterogeneous.
 They show variable inbreeding depression, ranging from
low to very severe.
 Breeding methods for cross-pollinated crops grouped into
two broad categories.
1. Population improvement
2. Hybrid and synthetic varieties

4. I. Population improvement
1. Breeding Methods Without Progeny Testing :
ex: Mass selection
2. Breeding Methods With Progeny Testing :
ex: Ear to row method and Recurrent selection

5. 1. Breeding Methods Without Progeny Testing :
Mass selection:
 Plants are selected on the basis of their phenotype and no progeny test
is carried out.
 A number of plants selected on the basis of their phenotype
 The selected plants are allowed to open pollinate.
 Open pollinated seeds from them is bulked together to raise the next
generation.
 The mass selection based on the maternal parent only
 There is no control on the pollen parent.
 The efficiency of mass selection primarily depends upon the number of
genes controlling the character, gene frequencies and heritability of
the concerned traits

6. Types of mass selection
1. Positive mass selection:
 Desirable plants are selected from a mixed population.
 Base material is old varieties or land races.
2. Negative mass selection:
 Undesirable off type plants are removed from a mixed
population.
 used for varietal purification in seed production and
certification programs.

7. PROCEDURE  FIRST YEAR
 A large no. of phenotypically similar plants are
selected for their vigour, plant type, disease
resistance, etc.
 100-1000 Plants selected.
 Seed from selected plants are composited to
raise next generation.
 SECOND YEAR
 The composite seeds are planted in a preliminary
yield trial along with standard check variety.
 The variety from which the selection was made
should also be included as a check to determine
if there has been an improvement due to the
selection.
THIRD TO FIFTH YEARS
 The variety is evaluated in a coordinated yield
trials of several locations.
 SIXTH YEAR
 Seed multiplication for distribution.
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X
X X X X X X

8. Achievements
Pearl millet: Babapuri, Jamnagar Gaint, Pusa Moti
Maize: T41,T19, JAUNPURI
Cotton: C402, C520, C1281
Castor: S20, B1, B4

9. DEMERITS
1. The developed through mass selection so variation
and are not uniform as inbred line variety.
2. The improvement through mass selection is
generally less than that could be achieved through
pure line/inbred line selection.
3. In the absence of progeny test, it is not possible to
determine if the selected plant are homozygous.
4. Due to the popularity of pure line variety, mass
selection is not commonly use for improvement of
self pollinated crop.

10. Modification of mass selection
1. Rejection of inferior plants:
Inferior plant are removed before flowering.
2. Use of composite pollen:-
Pollen are collected then bulked.

11. 3. Stratification of field
 Also known as stratified mass selection or grid method of mass
selection
 This modification suggested by Gardner (1961)
 Field divided into several small plots, having 40-50 plants each
 Selection is done within the plots and not among the plots.
 Superior plant are selected in each small plot.
 Seeds are selected and composite to raise the next generation.

12. ii. Breeding Methods With Progeny Testing :
1. Ear to row method
2. Recurrent selection
Ear to row method:
This method extensively used in maize.
This method was developed by Hopkins (1908).

13. Ear to Row Method

14. Modified Ear to Row method:
 Proposed by Lonquist.
 Best ear heads from population selected (100 No.) and
harvested on single plant basis. And threshed
individually.
 The single heads harvested are raised in progeny rows in
more than one location representing different
environment with local checks.
 In the main station the progeny rows are also used as
crossing block.
 Equal quantity of seeds from all the selected progeny will
be used as pollen parent and used for crossing the each
row.

15.  Select best five plants from each rows and harvest
them separately record the yield.
 On the basis of performance of over all locations only
top 20% progenies are selected.
 These 20% will include the five plants selected.
 The seeds from 5 plants selected are sown in
progeny rows and cycle is repeated.

16. Merits of the progeny Selection
1. Progeny more efficient than mass selection in improving
the yielding ability of open pollinated varieties of maize,
which increased at the rate of 3-8% per selection cycle in
different experiments.
2. inbreeding may be avoided if care taken to select a
sufficiently large number of progenies and if the selected
progenies are not closely related with each other.
3. The selection scheme is still relatively simple and easy.

17. Demerits of the progeny Selection
1. In most progeny selection schemes plants are allowed
to open pollinate. As a result, selection is based on the
maternal parent only. Which reduces the efficiency
selection.
2. Many of the schemes are complicated and involve
considerable work.
3. Selection cycle is usually of two years, i.e., each
selection takes twice as much time as mass selection.