An important component of seed production is ensuring the desired genetic identity of the subsequent generation that will be used for propagation. A key practice in maintaining genetic purity is called roguing, where fields are carefully examined and off-type plants removed. Off-type plants occur as random mutations, as a result of segregation in open-pollinated crops, or due to inadvertent mixture with seeds of other crops or cultivars. Seed crops must be carefully rogued prior to flowering to remove all off-type plants whose pollen may contaminate the remainder of the crop. Guidelines for when to rogue and what to look for are specific to each crop and cultivar and can be obtained from a seed certifying agency or the breeder who developed the cultivar. Roguing is also essential for removing male-fertile plants from female rows in hybrid seed production. Seedborne diseases, such as lettuce mosaic virus, may also be removed by careful rouging. The quality of the stock seed used for establishment determines the quality of the seed produced. Much more stringent criteria must be used for propagating the early generations than later ones. An advantage of the root-to-seed or bulb-to-seed production systems in biennial crops is that there is an opportunity for quality evaluation and roguing at the time that the roots or bulbs are dug and transplanted to the seed production field. In a seed-to-seed production scheme, where the plants are established in the final production field by seed and are not transplanted, there is no opportunity to rogue for root or bulb quality. In this case, the quality of the stock seed must be extremely high.

1. Seedproduction Foundation andCertified Seed Production
Sorghum(Varities).
BY :
Arepalli Naveen Kumar

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2
SORGHUM

3. Introduction & Origin of
sorghum Crop
Sorghum is a genus of about 25 species of flowering
plants in the grass family (Poaceae). Some of these
species are grown as cereals for human consumption
and some in pastures for animals. One
species, Sorghum bicolor, was originally domesticated
in Africa and has since spread throughout the globe. 3

4. Botanical classification of
Sorghum
Scientific name : Sorghum bicolour L
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Panicoideae
Chromosome number: 2n=20
4

5. SEED PRODUCTION METHODS &
STAGES IN SORGHUM
◍ Open pollination under isolation and selfing by
bagging are the common methods of
varietal seed production.
5
◍ In sorghum seed is multiplied adopting three
generation system, as the crop is often cross
pollinated crop where the chances for genetic
contamination is high.

6. “
The Three Stages are :
◍ Breeder seed,
◍ Foundation seed
◍ Certified seed
6

7. Breeding Objective for seed
sorghum
◍ High yield (fertilizer responsive)
◍ Wide environmental adaptiveness
◍ Disease and insect resistance
◍ Appropriate time to maturity
◍ Good plants at reasonable population levels
◍ Good threshability
General attractiveness height-about 1.25 to 2.0 mt
7

8. Breeding Procedures:
8
◍ Pure Line Selection:
1) M-35-1, 2) Sel-3, 3) Yashda, 4) Maulee( RSLG-262).
◍ Pedigree Method:
SPV-86 (R-24 X R-16), SPV-504 (Swati) (SPV 86 X M-35-1),
CSV -15 R. ( SPV475 X SPV-462)
◍ Back Cross Breeding:
Disease and pest resistance and also CMS can be transferredThese
conventional breeding methods, used as a short-term strategy produce
varieties with a relatively narrow genetic base, favor the accumulation of
linkage blocks due to rapid fixation of genes, and limit recombination
options because of continuous inbreeding

9. Breeding
Procedure:
9

10. STEPS INVOLVED IN BREEDING PROGRAMME
10
Sorghum is often cross pollinated crop. So to maintain varietal
purity isolation distance of 400 meters is recessary. Compared to other
often pollinated crop like red gram, maintenance of inbreds is easy in
sorghum By putting brown paper and selling the genetic purity can
bemaintained.
1.Introduction:Varieties of milo and kafir sorghum introduced from
USA are used inconversion programme to convert the local long duration
photo sensitive varieties to shortduration, non-photo sensitive lines.
2. Selection: Old varieties like Col, Co2, Co4 are all selection made
from local land races.
3.Hybridization and selection
a) Inter varietal(1S 4283 x Co 21) x CS 3541, Three way cross derivative Co 25
(MS 8271 x IS 3691)-Single cross derivative Co26

11. CONTD…..
11
b) Inter specific:
Co 27 Sorghum (Coll x Shalapense)
4. Heterosis breeding :Use of CMS lines.CSH 5 2077 Ax CS 3541
5. Mutation breeding:X ray mutant from CSV 5 (148)Co 19 is a natural mutant
from Co 2
6.Back cross method:By following backcross method of breeding sorghum
conversion programme wasinitiated. The long duration photosensitive
germplasm was converted in to photo insensitive short duration sorghums.
This was done at USA Similar programme was done at ICRISAT also.
7. Population improvement:With the use of cytoplasmic genetic male sterility
as well as genic male sterility we can go for population improvement. The local
land races can be used as pollinators and by half sib family selection, we can
isolate lines. We can follow recurrent selection idea to develop superior inbreds

12. 12
8. Use of Apomictic lines:
Some apomictic lines have been identified which can be utilised in
breeding programmeand by vegetative propagation we can fix up
heterosis. Eg. R473 from Hydrabad.
Breeder centers:
International sorghum improvement work is carried out by ICRISAT
(International Crop Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics)In India at
Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR), Hyderabad
Practical Achievements:
Hybrids are developed by using cytoplasmic genetic smale sterility
combined kafir 60 Varieties: CSV, CSV-2, CSV-4, M35-1, CSV-13 Hybrids:
CSH-1, CSH-2, 3 etc for kharif and CSH 7, 12, 13 for Rabi

13. Yellow
Is the color of gold,
butter and ripe lemons.
In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is
found between green
and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the
clear sky and the deep
sea. It is located
between violet and
green on the optical
spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood,
and because of this it
has historically been
associated with
sacrifice, danger and
courage.
IN TWO OR THREE COLUMNS
13
Varietal
classification of
sorghum

14. 14
s
Land Requirement-
Free of volunteer plants Field should be well drained
Season-
Best season: November - December (Rabi) -Kharif-4th
week of June to 1 week of July
Seed rate
Irrigated Transplanted -7.5 kg/ha Direct sown -10.00
kg/haRainfed Direct sown -15.0 kg/ha
Isolation distance
VARITIES

15. 15
Seed source
Sowing
- Seed crop should be sown in rows
- Depth of seeding should be 3-4 cm
Spacing 45 x 15 cm
Pre-sowing seed treatment
 Hardened using 2% KH₂PO4 for 12 hrs
 5% carbofuran 3 g to protect the seed from shoot-fly
Fertilizer
• Compost: 12.5 t/ha (during last ploughing)
• NPK : 100:50:50 kg/ha
• Basal : 50:50:50 kg/ha
• Top dressing : 25 kg N after 1st weeding (45DAS)25 kg N after boot
leaf stage
• Foliar spray: Spray 2% DAP thrice at 10 days interval after flowering
to enhance14:35the seedling

16. 16
Micronutrient mixture
Micronutrient 12.5 kg/ha mixed with sand
Irrigation
Enough moisture at the time of flowering is important
Critical stages for irrigation
Primordial initiation stage, vegetative stage, milky and
maturity stages
Weed management:
Atrazine 50 WP @ 500 g/ha on 3 DAS
Roguing
➤ Johnson grass, Sudan grass, forage plants
► Diseased plants affected by kernel smut and head smut
from time to time as required

17. 17
Harvesting
Physiological maturity at 40-45 DA 50% flowering at the
time MC -30%
Formation of dunken layer
Threshing
Seed MC around 15-18%
Threshing done by beating the earheads with bamboo
sticks
Drying
Seed MC reduced to 8% either by drying directly under
sun or with artificial seed driersProcessingGraded by
using 9/64" round perforated metal sieve

18. ◍ Seed yield
30-40 qtls/ha
◍ Seed storage
Pre-storage seed treatment thiram @2g/kg
Packed seeds should be stored on wooden tonnage
◍ Mid storage treatment
Double the volume of Na₂HPO4 (3.6 mg/lit)
solution for 6 hrs
18

19. 19

20. 20

21. 21
SPV 462 (CO 26/ DSV 2)
Grain Yield 33 Dry fodder yield 97 Plant height 208 Maturity duration
110-115 Tall, dual purpose, bold round attractive seed, sweet stalk,
tolerant to insect pests, grain deterioration and several leafdiseases.
CSV 15 (SPV 946)
Grain yield 36 Dry fodder yield 121 Plant height 232 Maturity duration
107-112 Tall, Dual purpose, medium bold round seed, glume small &
straw colour, large ear head, oblong shape, semi compact.Resistant to
all leaf spot diseases.
CSV 15 (SPV 946)
Grain Yield 36 Dry fodder yield 121 Plant height 232 Maturity duration
107-112Tall, Dual purpose, medium bold round seed, glume small &
straw colour, large ear head, oblong shape, semi compact.Resistant to
all leaf spot diseases.

22. CSV 17
Grain yield 25 Dry fodder yield 68 Plant height 150 Maturity duration 97
Early maturing, tan plant type with dark green leaves, white dull midrib
colour, well exerted, cylindrical, semi compact panicle, creamy seed
colour, free threshing, moderately resistant toshoot fly and stem borer.
CSV 20 (SPV 1616)
Grain Yield 31 Dry fodder yield 133 Plant height 240 Maturity duration
109 Tall, semi-compact panicle with dense clustering of grain in panicle
branches, panicle shape oblong and pearly white boldseed, for All India
cultivation.
CSV 23 (SPV 1714)
Grain yield 22 Dry fodder yield 155 Plant height 215 Maturity duration
115 dual-purpose variety. Normal rainfall sorghum growing regions of
the nation The variety was found to be tolerant for shoot flyand stem
borer. 22

23. CSV 27 (SPV 1870)
Grain Yield 28 qha Dry fodder yield 193 qha Plant
height 235 cm Maturity duration 115 days Tall, Dual
purpose variety, yellow green colour midrib, Well
exerted semi-compact panicle, Greyed yellow seed,
resistanceto grain moulds, Non-lodging, non-
shattering,
23

24. References :
• https://www.slideshare.net/shantanujadhav2/seed-production-
of-sorghum
• https://www.slideshare.net/ShivashishVerma/seed-production-
of-sorghum-196916948
• https://www.slideshare.net/niranjankumarchauras/breeding-
sorghum-68256843
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https:
//agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_seasonandvarieties_sorgh
um.html&ved=2ahUKEwiOjr_i74LxAhUszTgGHZzWDGMQFjAKe

25. 25