I have made this slide for my psychology presentation. i think it will be helpful for your own presentation because it's authentic and easy. I'm from Bangladesh if any inquiry please knock me at fb just search nasirujjaman.shimul of mail me nasirujjamanshimul352@gmail.com

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3. BLUE PENCIL
1. Surovi YasminShimu…………………………….……….15103353
2. Md. ErfanUllahBhuiyan………………………….……..15103325
3. G.M.Rashid-Ul-Haq………………………………….15103344
4. KajiAbdullah AlMamun…………………………….…15103324
5. AfsanaNasrin……………………………………….....15103304
6. Md.Nasirujjaman……………………………………....14303010
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4. 1. Definition
2. When we feel stress
3. Three models to understand stress.
a. Response-based model
b. Stimulus-based model
c. Interactional model of stress
4. Comprehensive definition of the three models
5. Stress reaction
a. Emotional disruption
b. Thinking
c. Concentration
d. Memory
e. Physiological disruption
f. The “Fight or Flight ” response
6. Brain-Body pathway of stress
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5. Stress is simply a reaction to a
stimulus that disturbs our
physical or mental
equilibrium. In other words,
it's an omnipresent part of
life.
According to Wikipedia-
“Stress is a feeling of strain and
pressure.”
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6. At the time of examination.
When we have more than one thing and we
have to chose one of them then we fell
stress.
When it appears something in front of us but
we don’t have the ability to face it.
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7.  There are three models to
understand stress.
They are-
 Response-based model
 Stimulus-based model
 Interactional model of stress
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8.  The response-based model attempts to
identify the patterns of psychological and
physiological responses that occur difficult
environments. A pattern or cluster of
responses is known as a syndrome. The
central notion of this model is that different
environmental events which is known as
Stressor.
 Stressor : By the term stressor we means any
kind of stimuli that can produce the stress
response syndrome.
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9. The most influential of several response-based model is Hans Selye’s concept of the general
adaptation syndrome ,or GAS.
The GAS is a pattern of physiological response that is produced by many different stressors.
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10.  Selye believed that the body’s ability to resist a stressor was limited. Animal experiment
showed that muscular exertion ,exposure to cold ,or other stressors could be withstood just
so long. After a period of resistance to a stressors exhaustion and death ensued. Selye
called the body ability to resist a stressors “Adaptation Energy.”
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11. There are three stages of GAS.
Alarm stage:
The first stage occur when a stressor is first encountered. In this stage the body rapidly
mobilized it’s physiological defenses against the stressor. If the continues to be present
then the second stage starts. The second stage is-
Stage of resistance:
In this stage the body returns to it’s normal level’s of activity and resistance rises. In the
other words the organism has learned to adapt to the presence of the stressor. With the
further exposure to stressor this ability to exposure is lost. The lost of adaptation is the
third stage-
Exhaustion stage:
Here the organism’s resistance to the stressor gradually declines and death ensues.
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13.  The major strength of the response-based model is its
demonstration of many stressful events or stressors and
it produce a similar syndrome of responses.
 It’s major weakness is that it does not describe the
characteristics of stressors but simply defines a stressors
as any event that produces a stress-response syndrome.
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14. The stimulus-based model focuses on the nature of stressful stimuli.
It asks the question “What is that makes certain stimuli stressors?”
A large number of specific stimuli are known to produce stress responses.
For example:-
♠ Laboratory studies of stress have employed stimuli such as shocks.
♠ Threats to self esteem
♠ Crowding
♠ Isolation
♠ Group pressure
But it’s a matter that this list will not tell us why they are stressful. We must look for their
common characteristic
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15. There are three important
characteristics of stressful
stimuli :-
 Overload
 Conflict
 Uncontrollability
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16. Overload occurs when a stimulus becomes so intense that we cant adapt to it.
People can adapt to a wide range of intensities of physical stimulus such as cold,heat,noise. Yet
there is a limitation and stress occur when these limits are exceeded.
Example :-Noise test.
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17. Conflict occurs when a stimulus simultaneously arouses two or more incompatible response
tendencies.
Ivan Pavlov’s experiment.
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18. Most people prefer to have control over the events in their lives, even when these events are
unpleasant. Uncontrollability means that events in our lives are independent of our behaviors.
Uncontrollable situations is very stressful.
Example
The stressful impact can be lessened just if we think that we till now control over the situation.
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19.  This model is important in helping predict the kinds of situation people will find stressful.
This means the stress can often be reduced or eliminated by modifying the stimulus.
 The major limitation of this model is that not all people find the same stimuli equally same
stressful. For example a course assignment may feel difficult to someone or may feel
overload to someone.
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20. This model builds on the contribution of Response-Based model and Stimuli-Based model. it
suggests that these two earlier models need to supplemented with information about
individual motives and coping ability. This model predicts that stress will occur when two
individual conditions are met.
1. When the individual perceives a threat to important needs and motives.
2.When he or she is unable to cope with the stressor.
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21. To experience stress one must perceived that environment poses a threat to personally important
needs or motives.
Example :- when we have exam acidity level our stomach increase.
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22. Coping ability refers to the ability to cope with any unpleasant or stressful situation.
Example :-Mercury space program of 1960.
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24. The major strength of this model is that it accounts for individual differences in the experience
of stress. This model shows that to predict whether a person will experience stress in any given
situation, we need to know something about his or her needs and skills in relation to situation.
On the other hand the interactional action says a little about the nature of stress reaction or the
stimulus conditions most likely to produce such reactions.
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25. After all the discussion we can define stress as a particular pattern of disturbing psychological
and physiological reactions that occur when an environmental event threatens important
motives and taxes one’s ability to cope in.
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26. At the stage of stress we feel many kinds of problem. We can’t concentrate our daily work, we
often present wrong activities, we physically become unfit to work.
How we disrupted by stress here I will try to discuss in an ordered way…………
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27. A person under stress usually responds with terms
like anxious,irritable,angry,depressed and guilty.
Some people experience only one of them and some
people experience a few of them.
But it’s a matter that all the feelings are unpleasant.
Example :-
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28. Nonstressful thinking is rational, logical and flexible. We are able to put our thought in a
sequenced order so that we can face any kind of situation with full control.
But when we are in stress we can’t think rationally and logically. That way stress cause our
thinking disturbance and we create the situation more unpleasant.
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29. Under the situation in stress we can’t
concentrate our work because of
obsessive thoughts and external stimuli.
People under stressful event are often
confused and forgetful.
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30. People under stressful situation feel Headache,Constipation,Dizziness,Hot flashes, Dry
mouth,Sweaty palms etc.
The “Fight of Flight” response in simple word we can define as like this,
“When a threat appears to us we have tendency to face them or we become afraid and give up.
It something like that someone is coming to beat us. Now we have two option ,
1. We will fight with him
2. We will ran away.
The main theme of this reaction is also like that.
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31. The mobilization of body resources under stress is
ultimately controlled by the brain. We know that
there are two brain-body communication system.
1. Somatic nervous system.
2. The autonomic nervous system.
The brain controls the level of tension in the skeletal
muscles via the somatic nervous system. It also
control the internal visceral organs by autonomic
nervous system. Under stress the brain actives both of
them as a part of the preparation for “fight or flight.”
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32. The brain also communicates with the body by means of a third system known
as the endocrine system. The endocrine system consists of a series of glands
that secrete chemical messengers or hormones, into the bloodstream.
Hormones travel to specific organs in the body, where they play important
roles in regulating physiological activity.
For example the testes are endocrine glands whose hormones are crucial for
the development and maintenance of sexual and reproductive functioning.
The hormones of the adrenal glands are especially critical in stress reactions.
The adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney like two caps.
1. Adrenal cortex and
2. Adrenal medulla
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33. The adrenal medulla secretes two hormones ,adrenaline and noradrenaline.
Adrenaline accelerates the heart increases the flow of blood to muscle and liberates sugar from
the liver.
Noradrenaline constricts the blood vessels in the skin so more blood can be delivered to the
muscles. We know that these two hormones are important for flight and fight reaction. The
brain controls the release of these two hormones by means of the autonomic nervous system.
The adrenal cortex secretes a large number of hormones known as adrenal cortical hormones.
Two adrenal cortical hormones important in stress reactions are cortisol and cortisone. When
released into the bloodstream, these hormones release stored energy from body cells and also
help reduce inflammation caused by disease or injury. The brain controls the release of these
hormones.
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Stressor
Central nervous system
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Autonomic nervous system
Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla
Blood stream

35. After all the discussion we can reach in a conclusion that stress is a compulsory matter in our life. You
can’t show me a person who doesn’t feel stress for a single moment.
But it’s a matter that without stress nobody does any work. Just as an example we can say that ,
Today is our presentation. If we think that what will happen when I will do bad in my presentation I
don’t care. I won’t take preparation. That means there is no stress. But what will be the result ?
In the result we will do bad in our presentation and in the long run it will affect in our CGPA.
On the other hand if we take the presentation as a stress then we automatically take it as a challenge
and will try to do well with proper preparation. So what I want to say that stress always provide us the
strength to do well. But everything in the excessive case is not good at all. So when we will take
anything more stressful than our toleration level then it will produce even worst result.
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So what will I advice you to maintain is………..
Keep calm.
Use your brain.
Try to overcome the stress.
You will become successful.

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38. Do you have any
Question?
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