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plant research paper.docx
1. INTRODUCTION:
The Islamic Republic Of Pakistan is present in South Asia. It is a basically the fifth most
populous country in the world and has a population of about 227 Million. Pakistan covers an area
of about 796096 km2. Pakistan is bounded by four other countries and is connected with the
coastline of the Arabian Sea.
D.G Khan is one of the districts of Punjab having an area of 70 km2 and a population is about
399K. D.G Khan is the flood plain of the Indus River. D.G Khan division comprises 4 Districts
and 14 Tehsils.In the of 15th century, it was founded by Baloch Sardar Ghazi Khan Mirani in
1494. According to GPS (Global Positioning System), D.G Khan lies between longitude
70.64455' East and 30.0489' North. D.G Khan is surrounded between the Indus River and the
mountainous range of Koh-e-Suleman. D.G Khan is well-drained, medium texture, calcareous,
deep, and low in organic content . Due to the mountain range and Indus River soil texture varies
from area to area.Climate is very hot in summer and cold in winter respectively and temperature
in summer reaches up to 44°c and rainfall is 140 nm.
Cancer, eye, liver, asthma, jaundice, and arthritis diseases are more common in D.G Khan due to
the presence of cement and stone crushing industries.Due to the presence of large population
people used to rely on natural herbs or remedies extracted from plants for the cure of the diseases
as they are easily available, low in cost, and effective.
A common autoimmune disease of inflammation, pain, swelling, and stiffness of one or more
joints is called Arthritis. Its symptoms include pain, stiffness, swelling, redness, and decreased
2. range of motion.There are more than half a dozen types of Arthritis that exist which of the two
are more common.Osteoarthritis: It happens when joints are over-used due to age, injuries, stress
caused by the obesity, and cartilage is broken. It occurs in the knee, hip, and feet joints(Arthritis
- Symptoms and Causes, .Rheumatoid Arthritis: It is caused by an attack of the immune system
on the body parts like the hand, wrist, elbow, and shoulder. Risk factors include family history as
arthritis run in families, Age (people with more age are likely to suffer more), sex (women are
more like to suffer from Rheumatoid Arthritis), previous joints history, and obesity.
Material and Method:
An Ethnobotanical survey was conducted by the students of Ghazi University D.G Khan to get
the knowledge about the plants used in the treatment of the disease Arthritis. In this survey, a
questionnaire about plants used to treat pain, inflammation, or swelling in the bones and joints
was arranged to investigate its mechanism of action and determine its chemical basis and plants
or parts of plants used in the treatment of Arthritis which was discussed with pharmacists,
doctors and homeopathic doctors instead of those practitioners to determine the chemical nature
of the disease and to find the anti-inflammatory action caused by different plants against this
disease.
3. Survey Results:
68% depend on herbal treatment
2% homeopathic treatment
11% were those who don’t have any treatment information
19% depend on allopathic treatment
Needof natural resources against Arthritis:
Natural products mainly plants have been the basic for the treatment of diseases for many years
ago.Today it is estimated that 80% of population in developing and especially in under-
developing countries relays on medicines extracted from plants.Herbal medicine are becoming
popular due to low toxicity and side effects and play important role in development of potent
therapeutic agents
.
4. Allopatic Medicines and their side effects
Sr/No Allopathic
Medicines
Side Effects
1 Alip Diarrhea,Constipation,Headache
2 ITDS Vomting,Hair loss,Skin Scale Changes
3 Osenate D Dry Mouth,Weakness
4 Cara Rash,Diarrhea,Stomach Upset
5 D3 Loss of Appetite,Tiredness,Mood changes
6 Zextor Dizziness,Dry Eyes
7 Aspirin Stomach,Headache
8 Neurobion Urination,Vomting,Nerve Demage
9 Moov Gel Skin Rash,Itching,Allergy
10 Vintogen Gel Redness,Burning of Skin
Chemistry of Anti-Arthritic plants
Wide range of photoconstituent show anti-inflammatory effects include Alkoids,
Glycosides,Tannins, Phenolics,Anthocyanin, Sterols,Triterpenoids, Steroids,
Luteolins,Curcumnoids, Anthoxanthins, Ursolic acids and Oleanolic acids etc. These chemical
compounds are responsible for anti-inflammatory actions on joints and bones.These above
constituents are present in different plants and exert pharmacological effect on the body and act
as natural anti-inflammatory agent.
8. Plants Description along with their photoconstituent:
Turmeric:
Plant Name:Curcuma longa
Plant Family:Zingiberaceae
Termeric is widely used spice and flaving agent that comes from roots/rhizome of Curcuma
longa plant. The FDA declared termeric as substance which is generally recognised as safe.It is
used as drug in various medicinal condition like wound healing,commoncold,skininfections,liver
and urinary tract disease, anti-inflammatory agent and blood purifier.It is effective in various
routes i.etopical,oral or by inhalation depending on disease for which it is used.Major
constituents found in termeric are Curcumnoids which act as anti-inflammatory agents against
rheumatoid arthritis.
Ginger:
Plant Name:zingiberofficinale
Plant Family: Zingiberaceae
Ginger is one of the most widely used diet and food substance all over the world which processes
anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-septic agents.It has been used as a medicine against
inflammatory arthritis disease for thousy year ago.The major constituents are oleoresin,lenoleic
acid and traces of magnesium, potassium and phosphorus.These constituents like oleoresin and
linoleic acid act as anti-inflammatory agent and alleviate pain in patients suffering from
osteoarthritis.
Green Tea:
Plant Name: Camellia sinensis
Plant Family:Theaceae
Green tea is a small evergreen shrub which is grown in tropical and subtropical regions on the
globe.Major constituents green tea are polyphenols and caffeine.These compounds reduce the
pain in collagen indusedarthritis.polyphenols act as inflammatory agent.
Hareer
Plant Name:TerminaliaChebula
Plant Family:Combretaceae
9. Terminalia Chebula is a large deciduous tree with a height of 30m. It's fruit is used as medicine
in gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases and improve the immunity.It includes terpenoids,
Alkloids, flavonoids,glycocides and steroids as major constituents which act as anti-allergic,
constipation, high level of cholesterol and anti-arthritic(Rheumatoid) diseases.
kalonji
Plant Name:Nigella Sativa
Plant Family: Ranunculaceae
It is herbaceous plant known locally as the black seed and used as natural foods additives. The
seeds of N.sativa are used as anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, maintain blood pressure, blood
glucose level, balance cholesterol level, immunity enhancer and anti cancer activities. It's major
constituents are polyphenols, flavonoids and glycol which act as anti-inflammatory agents.
Salai Guggul:
Plant Name: Bosewelliaserata
Plant Family:Burseraceae
Bosewellic acid is an active compound derived from bosewelliaserata.Gum is extracted from the
plant which act as a medicine in different diseases like arthritis, respiratory and liver disorders.It
is studied that it includes pentacyclicterpenoids which is activated against several inflammatory
diseases.
Asgand
Plant Name: WithaniaSomnifera
Plant Family:Solonaceae
This plant is widely known as it's anti-inflammatory, cardioactive and CNS related diseases.It is
also used in treatment of arthritis and menstrual disorders.It is studied that withanolide show
action by the help of TNF compounds.
Guggal:
Plant Name:CommiphoraMukul
Plant Family: Burseraceae
10. It is a plant which is known as it's gum resin properties which acts on obesity,bone fractures,
arthritis, inflammation and cardiovascular disorders.Its main photoconstituent is sterol.
Moringa
Plant Name:MoringaOleifera
Plant Family:Moringaceae
Moringa has been used as eatables for many years ago.It grows on humud,tropic and dry land
and less affected by drought conditions.It's flowers, tenders, leaves and pods are used in diet.It's
leaves are rich in iron.It'sroots,bark,gum,pods, flower's,seeds and seed oil are used for treatment
of various ailments as anti-diabetic,anti-asthmatic and anti-inflammatory agent.Methanol is
extracted from the roots of plant n-butanol is extracted from seed of plant. Plant also produces
alkloids and sponin as anti-inflammatory agent.
Quinine
Plant Name:CinchonaPubescens
Plant Family:Rubiaceae
Quinine is bitter taste compund that has the Powerful anti-inflammatory, skin and anti-malarial
receptors.It'sleaves,bark,seed and roots are used in various medicinal products.Alkloids are
derived from the bark of quinine whic act as anti-inflammatory agent.Oil extracted from the
seeds of quinine reduces cytokinin levels in the body and show Alkloidal effect which itself is
anti-arthritic agent.It also produces compounds like anthraquinone and anthra-anilic acid.
Alloevera
Plant Name:Aloe Vera
Plant Family:Asphodelaceae/Liliaceae
Aloevera is a drought resistant succulent plant of lily family which produces gel in its stem.It
provides 70+ compounds which have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant,immune boosting, anti-
cancer, healing, anti-aging and anti-diabetic properties.It also acts as a skin moisturizer.Aloevera
is composed of anti-inflammatory chemical compound like glycoproteins and various sterols as
anti-inflammatory agents.
Paneer/Rennet
Plant Name: WithaniaCoagulans
11. Plant Family: Solonaceae
Rennet belongs to Solonaceae family and it is one of the most widely used medicinal plant.
It is rigid,gray whitish small shrub which is present all over the world . It's fruits, leaves and stem
is used in many diseases like diabetes, nervous exhansion, disability,insomonia,
asthama,liverdisorders,anti tumor and auto-infalmmatory activities.
It is called 'cheese-maker' because of it's Coagulant activity which is produced by it's fruit by the
help of production of withanin enzyme having milk coagulant activity.Majorphotoconstituent are
withanolides, alkloides, phenolic acids and tannins which act as anti-inflammatory agents.
Olive oil
Plant Name:OleaEuropaea
Plant Family:Oleaceae
Olive belongs to oleaceaefamily.It's seeds are edible.The oil is extracted from the olive seeds
which is used in cooking.The olive oil is used to treat many diseases like arthritis or joints
pain.Olive oil contains oleic acid as a major constituent which is fatty acid and effective anti-
inflammatory agent.Oleic acid is converted into eicostrienoic acid which is further converted into
LTA which is potent inhibitor leukotriene which causes inflammation and pain.
Bitter Apple
Plant Name:CitrullusColocynthis
Plant Family:Cucurbitaceae
CitrullusColocynthis is a cucurbit plnat which is present in desert and sandy soil world wide.Due
to its bitter taste it is widely used against many ailments like diabetes,common cold, asthama,
bronchitis and join pain etc.Several bioactive compounds are present in it including flavonoids,
glycocides, alkloides,fatty acids and essential oils.The plant is highly nutritional with high
protein and essential minerals.Due to it's property it is free from ulcerogenic activity of
allopathic medicines.
Milk weed/Madar
Plant Name:CalotropisProcera
Plant Family:Asclepiadaceae
Milk weed is small shrub of Asclepiadaceae family which is famous for it's presence world
wide.It secretes 'white Milk' like chemical which is highly poisonous.It has potent against many
12. diseases.It'sseeds,stem bark and leaves have potent to fight against disease mainly from joint
pain etc.It has been involved in anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-fungal activity.Its
important chemical compounds are Ursolicacids,amyrin,sterol,calotoxin,and calcitonin etc which
are important anti-arthritic potential.
Pepul
Plant Name:Fiscus Religiosa
Plant Family:Moraceae
This plant is used against many diseases like dysentry,nervous disorders, diabetes anti-
inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer activity.Its main constituents are sitosterol and
lycocides etc.
Arnica
Plant Name: Arnica Montana
Plant Family: Asteraceae
Arnica plant has significance in the alleviation of pain due to arthritis and other inflammatory
conditions.It's leaves, stem and bark is rich in phenolic acid and flavonoids compounds.The
combine action of these compounds causes the alleviation pf pain.
