Anna university architecture UD notes for Forth Years

1. E V O L U T I O N A N D H I S T O R Y O F
URBANISM
1

2. Advantages of caves:
• Protection from weather
• Protection from wild animals
• Safe storage space
• Some caves have inherent water resources
Invention of fire:
• After invention of fire mankind learnt cooking and
making potteries.
• Decrease of fear of wild animals.
• Knowledge of metals evolved.
• Weapons (simple hand keep) and tools developed
H I S T O R I C A L E V O L U T I O N O F M A N K I N D

3. • The invention of the wheel falls into the late Neolithic, and
may be seen in conjunction with other technological advances
that gave rise to the early Bronze Age.
• 4500–3300 BCE: Copper Age, invention of the potter's wheel;
a) earliest wooden wheels (disks with a hole for the axle);
b) earliest wheeled vehicles, domestication of the horse
• 3300–2200 BCE: Early Bronze Age
• 2200–1550 BCE: Middle Bronze Age, invention of the spoked
wheel and the chariot.
Early start of agriculture:
• Sometime around 12,000 years ago, our hunter-gatherer
ancestors began trying their hand at farming.
• First, they grew wild varieties of crops like peas, lentils and
barley and herded wild animals like goats and wild oxen.
E V O L U T I O N O F T H E S O C I E T Y

4. FEW
ANCIENT
CIVILIZATION
S

5. Machu Picchu, Peru
• The Incas flattened the top of the 2430 meter high mountain to
accommodate 140 structures including temples and houses.
• The city was divided into areas for royalty and the lower classes.
• Lowest portion was used as furrow agriculture land.
The Mayan Civilization - The Americas
• The Maya were the only culture in the Americas to create a
writing system this early in history.
• Also renowned for their calendar and work in mathematic s, the
Mayan were truly the first real and lasting culture in the Americas.
• The Mayan people developed one of the most accurate and
well-known calendars in the ancient world.
• Gifted astronomers, the Mayans calculated dates based on the
movements of the heavens.

6. M AYA N PA S T I N G U AT E M A L A
• Early Maya, 1800 B.C. to A.D. 250
• Cities of Stone: The Classic Maya, A.D. 250-900

7. M E S A V E R D E R U I N S , U S .
• The Ancestral Puebloans, also known as the "Anasazi" by
the Navajo, are one of the most famous examples of an
ancient civilization that collapsed due to climate change.
• Once dominant across the Colorado Plateau in places
like Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde(pictured) the
Ancestral Puebloans abandoned their distinctive homes
sometime in the 12th and 13th centuries, and it's not
completely understood why they left.
M E X I C O A N D C E N T R A L A M E R I C A

8. A N C I E N T B A B Y L O N C I V I L I Z A T I O N
• According to legend, 6th-century Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar had a colossal maze of waterfalls and dense vegetation planted
across his palace for a wife, who missed her lush homeland.
• Archaeologists still debate the garden's existence.

9. • Dates back to 10,000 B.C., Mesopotamia was the shining example of early civilization.
• Settled between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, the area is known as the “land between the rivers” saw many of the first
recorded instances of writing, literature, and use of essential tools such as the wheel.
M E S O P O T A M I A N C I V I L I Z A T I O N - I R A Q

10. • Organized civilization boomed in this African Empire around 3,000 B.C.
• The first dynasty of Egypt was led by Narmer, who united the Kingdoms of Lower and Upper Egypt into a cohesive, political
force.
A N C I E N T E G Y P T - N O R T H E R N A N D C E N T R A L A F R I C A

11. M I N O A N C I V I L I Z AT I O N - C R E T E
• Believed by many historians and archeologists as the first Greek
Culture, the Minoans of Crete were lost to history until the 20th
century.
• The most important legacy of the Minoans is their gift for
architecture. It was on Crete that some of the earliest examples
of Greek columns had been unearthed.
• It was also the island of Crete and the Minoan culture that gave
Greek mythology one of its most lasting stories, the tale of the
Minotaur.
• The largest and deepest of 200 underground cities in the
Cappadocia region, this eerie location was home to
approximately 20,000 people (plus livestock, a church, school
and kitchen).
• The inhabitants dug tunnels and rooms beneath their homes in
the soft volcanic rock.
• The city reportedly grew to 85 meters and 11 levels deep. It is
believed to date back to the early Byzantine Empire, as early as
the 7th-8th centuries.
T U R K E Y , C AV E C I T Y

13. • Also known as the Harappan Civilizati on, this Bronze
Age society once boasted a population of more than
5 million and was notable for its highly detailed urban
planning and water systems.
• Two major cities that belonged to t his civilization —
Mohenjo-Daro (pictured) and Harappa — were first
disco vered and excavated in the 19th century.
I N D U S VA L L E Y C I V I L I Z AT I O N
- I N D I A A N D P A K I S T A N
• One of the most famous ancient sites, Pompeii is a city frozen in time.
• Believed to have been founded in the 6th or 7th century BC, it was almost
obliterated when Mt. Vesuvius erupted in 79AD.
• Estimates vary, but more than 1000 people were killed instantly, and the
town was buried and forgotten. That is, until it was rediscovered 1800
years later.
P O M P E I I , I TA LY

14. • The ancient Egyptian houses were small and cramped, measuring approximately five by ten meters.
• The narrow streets were cluttered with water jars and tethering posts for animals, and animals seem also have been sheltered in
the entrance rooms of the dwellings.
A N C I E N T E G Y P T I A N H O U S E

15. • Beyond the entrance was the main living and sleeping room, which was divided into tiny chambers, one a kitchen, the other a
second bedroom or store, in the kitchen area was a stairway to the roof.
A N C I E N T E G Y P T I A N H O U S E

16. D IFFER EN T PU R POSES OF
DWELLINGS

17. • Early humans led a nomadic existence, relying on hunting and gathering for sustenance.
• Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, systematic cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals allowed for more permanent
settlements.
 River Valley Civilizations
 Struggle for Survival, Safety & Society
 Transportation, Trade & Commerce
 Farming, Hunting
 Fortification
B E G I N N I N G O F S E T T L E M E N T S
N E C E S S I T I E S O F S E T T L E M E N T S

18. Greek Cities (500 BC)
• Athens / Priene /Miletus
• Grid Iron Pattern of Streets
• Public Places
• Agora ,Acropolis, Theatre ,Stadia
• Democratic Way of Life
Indus Valley Civilization (3000BC)
• Mohenjo-Daro
• Harappa
• Advanced Town Planning Features
• Road Pattern
• Drainage
• Building Construction
• Public Bath & Monastry
Beijing – China (11th Cent A.D.)
• Forbidden City – Centre
• Imperial City- The palace /
Tiananmen Square
• Inner City- Home for artisans,
craftsman, artists & shops.
C I T I E S I N H I S T O R Y

19. T O W N P L A N N I N G F O R MO DERN CI T I ES
ASPECTS OF PLANNING:
• Environment
• Transportation – Linkages
• Industrial Segregation
• High-rise Blocks
• Commercial + Residential
• Work – Commerce –
Residence
• Master Plan
• Long Term Comprehensive
Planning
• Focus on Social & Physical
Infrastructure
• Besides Land use Planning.
• Ebenezer Howard - (1902) / Tony Garnier - (1904) / Radburn - (1923)

20. THREE MAGNETS:
1. Town :- Central Park
2. Country:- Bright Homes & Gardens No smoke No slum
3. People:- Grand Arenues & Boul Evards.
28
I . G A R D E N C I T Y C O N C E P T
T Y P I C A L S K E T C H E S O F G A R D E N C I T Y

21. The city of Labour divided city into Four
main Functions :-
1. Work :- Functionalism
2. Housing :- Space
3. Health :- High Sun’s hire exposure
4. Leisure :- Greenery
II. I N D U S T R I A L C I T Y C O N C E P T

22. • Social Planning
• Mechanical means to be planned to
facilitate Human life & Civilization.
• Comprehensive planning
• Ample sites for community use
• Industries to be close to
transportation nodes
• Services to be well planned
• Private public partnership for
convenience of public – group of
building be planned.
III. T H E N E W M O T O R A G E : -
Radburn - (1923)

23. E V O L U T I O N O F
URBAN
DESIGN

24. STAGES OF URBAN DESIGN EVOLUTION:
 Pre - industrial
 Post - industrial
 Neo - modern

25. Settlement design has existed since prehistorical times…what has changed is:
• Needs of the epoch
• Consciousness in approach
• Development of settlement design as a professional discipline with its own tools and concepts
O R I G I N A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
P R E - I N D U S T R I A L v s P O S T - I N D U S T R I A L
( U N S E L F - C O N S C I O U S ) V S ( S E L F - C O N S C I O U S )
Un-self-conscious approach:
• This is created by people who do not think of
themselves as designers but who do affect the
form of the urban environment.
• Such a design is based upon intuitions that are
not clearly stated …e.g response to cosmic order
or spontaneity.
Self-conscious Approach:
• This is created by people who think of themselves
as designers.
• Their interest is in using their design skills to
create a pleasing urban setting.
• A self-conscious approach is usually based upon a
set of clearly stated design ideas or principles.

26. P R E - I N D U S T R I A L v s P O S T - I N D U S T R I A L
( U N S E L F - C O N S C I O U S ) V S ( S E L F - C O N S C I O U S )

27. P R E - I N D U S T R I A L
( U N S E L F - C O N S C I O U S )

28. P R E - I N D U S T R I A L ( U N C O N S C I O U S )
(PERIOD PRIOR TO THE 19TH CENTURY)
• Inhabitants adapted to wider social, physical, and spiritual order
• Communication was face-to-face
• Public life took place in public places (ref. classical Forum)
Public realm included:
• Public thoroughfares
• Commercial avenues and market places
(ref. islamic suqs)
• Social promenades
• Meeting places (ref. agoras)

29. • Most of the urban development consequences were not considered in detail.
• Cities were structured in a comprehensible and legible manner , reflecting the cultures that created
them.
• Layout of cities was mainly based on ritual and cosmological symbols, ordered around ceremonial
procession routes, or military, religious, and civic landmarks.
P R E - I N D U S T R I A L ( U N C O N S C I O U S )
(PERIOD PRIOR TO THE 19TH CENTURY)

30. A R T I C U L AT I O N O F T H E C E N T E R
P R E - I N D U S T R I A L ( U N C O N S C I O U S )
(PERIOD PRIOR TO THE 19TH CENTURY)

31. • Cosmic forces were displaced by scientific theories and
observations
• Urban design ceased to be a natural expression of
community life and became a much more conscious
artistic self-expression
• Renaissance urban design was mainly on aesthetics as
perceived by the user of public places
• Thus, it has been argued that mainstream urban
design was born in t he renaissance age.
R E N A I S S A N C E C I V I L I Z AT I O N _ 1 5 0 0 A D
D E S I G N F E AT U R E S O F T H E R E N A I S S A N C E
• Regular geometric spaces (entire cities or parts of)
• The primary streets
• The public places / squares/piazzas with sculptures
and fountains
• Sequence and perspective.

32. D E S I G N F E AT U R E S O F T H E R E N A I S S A N C E
• Public places and primary streets showing sequence and perspective
I D E A L C I T I E S O F
R E G U L A R
G E O M E T R Y

33. P O S T - I N D U S T R I A L
( S E L F - C O N S C I O U S )

34. I N D U S T R I A L - M O D E R N ( C O N S C I O U S ) A G E _ ( 1 9 0 0 A D )
• With introduction of machinery and factory system,
the great mass of workforce was separated from
the land, nature, and social life.
• As a living environment, the 19th century city was
conspicuous in its omissions:
a) Its gross under-provision of public open
space, educational facilities, community
buildings, and all those aspects that did not
attract economic profit, but which were
central to good citizen life.
b) Thus, it has been argued that “urban design
was murdered in the industrial age”.
c) However, the dark side of industrial cities was
enough to trigger a whole system of reforms
based on public responsibility and
enterprises.
d) Minimal standards of all kinds (roads,
housing, gardens, building heights, etc)were
slowly evolved leading to improved living
standards.

35. D E S I G N F E AT U R E S O F T H E I N D U S T R I A L A G E
Some Of The Concepts Tested Included:
• Suburban Decentralization (William Morris);
• Garden City (Ebenezer Howard),
• Neighbourhood (Henrietta Barnett & Raymond Unwin),
• Conservation & The Park Movement (Fredrick Law
Olmsted),
• Artistic City Planning (Camillo Sitte)
• Linear City (Soria Y Matta),
• Ideal Industrial City (Tony Garnier)
Industrial City (T.Garnier) Linear City (Soria Y Mata)
Floating City (K. Kikutake) Stalingrad, Russia

36. M O D E R N A G E
U R B A N D E S I G N

37. M O D E R N A G E U R B A N D E S I G N
• Modernist (“second generation”)
ideals began to take shape in the
1950s after the World War II.
• These built on the pre-war
experiments such as Howard’s Garden
City.
• They expressed a romantic fusion of
machine-age modernism with the
picturesque aesthetics of traditional,
high-density pre-industrial towns.
• As being part of the wider structure of
comprehensive planning, urban design
alluded to the process of “Survey-
Analysis-Plan” which was the
forerunner to the rational decision
model articulated by the founding
fathers such as Patrick Geddes (1914,
1949).

38. M O D E R N A G E U R B A N D E S I G N
• Designs were to be served by a
sophisticated public transport
system
• Urban renewal, slum clearance, and
new housing took center stage
• Modern designers attempted to
assimilate the massive technological
and societal changes that so affected
life at that time
• Thus, it can be said that “mainstream
urban design was resurrected in the
modern age”

39. Some of the prominent works included:
• The city beautiful movement (Camillo Sitte)
• New Communities Movement (Clarence stein, Lewis Mumford)
• City of 3 million and plan vision for rebuilding Paris
(Le Corbusier)
• Broad acre city (frank Lloyd Wright)
• Circulation models (Louis Khan’s Philadelphia & Kenzo Tange’s
Tokyo).
M O D E R N A G E U R B A N D E S I G N
Clockwise: MARS plan of London (1938); Radburn (cul-de-sac); Chandigarh; City of 3 million people