8. Biological diversity - or
biodiversity - is a term we use to
describe the variety of life on
Earth. It refers to the wide
variety of ecosystems and living
organisms: animals, plants, their
habitats and their genes
www.google.com.pk/#q=BIODIVERSITY,wwf.panda.org › Our Earth › Biodiversity
11. Genetic diversity
Genetic variation is all the different
genes contained in all the living
species including individual plants,
animals, fungi, and microorganisms
12.
13. Species diversity
Species diversity is all the different
species, as well as the differences
within and between different species
www.biologyreference.com › Ce-Co
14. Ecological diversity
Ecosystem diversity is all the
different habitats, biological
communities and ecological processes,
as well as variation within individual
ecosystems
www.biologyreference.com › Ce-Co
15.
16. Biodiversity supports many ecosystem
services that are often not readily
visible. It plays a part in regulating the
chemistry of our atmosphere and water
supply. Biodiversity is directly involved
in water purification,
recycling nutrients and providing fertile
soils.
17. Valuing Biodiversity
Most values are assigned by humans
Most are related to human survival
ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/pdf/valuing_ecosystems.pdf
18. Use values
Direct uses of biodiversity:
consumptive - food, medicines, non-
consumptive - eco-tourism
Subject to trade & commerce,
monetary value readily assigned,
varies with demand
ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/pdf/valuing_ecosystems.pdf
19.
20. Non-use values
Indirectly related to humans,
ecosystem services,
future options, aesthetics
Monetary valuation difficult
ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/pdf/valuing_ecosystems.pdf
21.
22. HOW MANY SPECIES ARE THERE
ON EARTH?
Scientists have yet to discover, or
classify, about 90 percent of the
plant and animal species on Earth,
which is estimated to be home to just
under 9 million species, a study says
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110823180459.htm
24. HOW MANY SPECIES ARE
THERE IN INDIA?
Group Number of species in
India (SI)
Number of species in
the world (SW)
Mammals 350(1) 4,629(7)
Birds 1224(2) 9,702(8)
Reptiles 408(3) 6,550(9)
Amphibians 197(4) 4,522(10)
Fishes 2546(5) 21,730(11)
Flowering Plants 15,000(6) 250,000(12)
25. HOW MANY SPECIES ARE
THERE IN Pakistan?
Group Number of species in
Pakistan
Number of species in
the world (SW)
Mammals 174 4,629(7)
Birds 786 9,702(8)
Reptiles 177 6,550(9)
Amphibians 22 4,522(10)
Fishes 531 21,730(11)
Flowering Plants 5700 250,000(12)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan, http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan,
27. Latitudinal gradients
The increase in species richness
or biodiversity that occurs from the poles to
the tropics, often referred to as
the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), is
one of the most widely recognized patterns
in ecology. Put another way, in the present
day localities at lower latitudes generally
have more species than localities at higher
latitudes. The LDG has been observed to
varying degrees in Earth's past
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity
28. Species-Area relationships
In ecology, a species-area curve is a
relationship between the area of a
habitat, or of part of a habitat, and the
number of species found within that area.
Larger areas tend to contain larger
numbers of species, and empirically, the
relative numbers seem to follow
systematic mathematical relationships
http://www.wow.com/wiki/Species-area_curve
30. THE IMPORTANCE OF SPECIES DIVERSITY
TO THE ECOSYSTEM
According to the Encyclopedia of
Earth, species diversity is a
measurement of an ecosystem's
species richness and species
evenness. If an ecosystem has poor
species diversity, it may not function
properly or efficiently.
www.ehow.com › Hobbies, Games & Toys
31.
32. PATTERNS OF BIODIVERSITY
The patterns of species diversity in
an area or at any one time are set by
some combination of three
factors: chance, history and
necessity.
redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/2.About%20Biodiversity/processes.htm
33. Chance
The random processes of birth, death
and migration. A lizard might arrive
unpredictably on a remote island, for
example, because the log it was on
happened to float in the right
direction.
redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/2.About%20Biodiversity/processes.htm
34. History
The correlation through time as a function
of reproduction. In other words, if a
species was abundant in the near past,
chances are that it will be abundant today.
Also, progeny tend to cluster near the
parents, therefore, we tend to find
organisms in "pockets" rather than evenly
distributed in space
redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/2.About%20Biodiversity/processes.htm
35. Necessity
The laws of growth, competition and
interaction. Different species flourish in
different conditions. The number of species
that can coexist will depend on how complex
the environment is and on how strongly they
compete with one another. And, of course,
the number of species of herbivores,
predators and parasites will depend on the
number of plants, prey and hosts.
redpath-museum.mcgill.ca/Qbp/2.About%20Biodiversity/processes.htm
37. In our eagerness to improve living conditions
for the six billion members of our species,
we humans are imposing serious threats to
the survival of much biodiversity, including
many species whose direct value is clearly
established. Almost all ecosystems are
greatly modified by humans, who transform
habitats and exterminate rivals and
competitors.
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biodiversity/6-main-threats-to-biodiversity.../39445/
38. Habitat degradation
The greatest threat is the loss and
fragmentation of natural habitats.
This includes clearing forests for
timber or plantations, overgrazing,
draining wetlands and the destruction
of heath lands and coral reefs.
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biodiversity/6-main-threats-to-biodiversity.../39445/
39. Over-exploitation
Excessive exploitation has pushed some
species to the verge of extinction. Included
are the tiger, Giant Panda, Black Rhinoceros,
cod and several whale species. Between 1979
and 1989 the African elephant population
was halved by ivory poaching. Other species
have been relentlessly persecuted as vermin,
often based on wrong assumptions about the
supposed harm they caused. For centuries in
Britain, Red Kites had a price on their head
as ‘lamb-killers’, in spite of their lack of
strength for such a task.
www.yourarticlelibrary.com/biodiversity/6-main-threats-to-biodiversity.../39445/
43. Habitat loss and fragmentation
This is one of the greatest threats to
biodiversity. Habitat loss is directly
linked to human induced pressures on
land.
www.globalissues.org › Issues › Articles,
45. Over-exploitation
Over-hunting, over-fishing or over-
collecting of a species can quickly
lead to its decline. Changing
consumption patterns of human is
often cited as the key reason for this
unsustainable exploitation of natural
resources.
www.globalissues.org › Issues › Articles,
46. Alien species invasions
The introduction of exotic species
that replace local and native species
is cited as the second largest of
biodiversity loss. Alien invasive
species replace, and offer result in
the extinction of native species. The
annual economic damage caused by
invasive plant and animal species is
estimated to be in the region of
US$1.4 trillion.
www.globalissues.org › Issues › Articles,
48. Co-extinctions
Biological systems respond slowly to changes
in their surrounding environment. Pollution
and contamination cause irreversible damage
to species. Both climate variability and
climate change cause biodiversity loss.
Species and populations may be lost
permanently, if they are not provided with
enough time to adapt to changing climate
conditions.
www.yourdictionary.com › Dictionary Definitions › coextinctio, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coextinction
51. WHY SHOULD WE CONSERVE
BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity is the cornerstone of our
existence on Earth. It is also
important to conserve biodiversity
for the sake of our own curiosity and
aesthetic appreciation.
ww.esciencecentral.org/.../biodiversity-conservation-needs-and-method-to-conserve..
52.
53. Narrowly utilitarian arguments
Narrowly utilitarian refers to those
parts of biodiversity or those plants
and animals from which humans derive
benefits like cereals, medicines etc.
http://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/what-is-narrowly-utilitarian-and-broadly-utilitarian/biodiversity-
54. Broadly utilitarian arguments
Broadly utilitarian refers to the
broad and general uses of
biodiversity like oxygen, pollination
and aesthetic value which is not
limited to a particular species.
http://www.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/what-is-narrowly-utilitarian-and-broadly-utilitarian/biodiversity-
55. Ethical arguments
There are thousands of plants, animals and
microbes on this earth which are not useless.
Each one has some intrinsic value even if it is
not of any economic value to us.
It is therefore our moral duty to ensure
well-being of all the living creatures for the
utilization.
58. Seven steps to save biodiversity
Species and ecosystems need
space to develop and recover. At
least 10% of all ecosystem types
should be under protection to
maintain nature and natural
landscapes.
59. Seven steps to save biodiversity
Without biodiversity there will be no
agriculture. Farming practices should not
jeopardize species survival: improving
farmland diversity and reducing the
usage of pesticides and fertilizer are key
efforts to saving biodiversity. Organic
agriculture practices can serve as an
example in many areas.
60. Seven steps to save biodiversity
Climate change is considered to be
the greatest challenge for humanity.
With changing conditions, ecosystems
and habitats will change as well. It is
an obligation to fight climate change
and make sure that species can
migrate or adapt to new surroundings.
61. Seven steps to save biodiversity
If you release a species outside its usual
habitat, it might simply die. In other cases,
the so-called alien invasive species have
thrived and destroyed local flora and fauna.
As you never know how things turn out,
reducing these invasions is crucial.
62.
63. Seven steps to save biodiversity
75% of all fisheries are fully
exploited or over-fished. Species like
cod, haddock and halibut are already
threatened. If we do not move
towards sustainable use, there will be
no fish left for our grandchildren.
64. Seven steps to save biodiversity
Roads, factories and housing destroy
habitats for animals and plants. If
urban and rural development
continues to ignore nature, our
surroundings will be dominated by
concrete and pollution.
65. Seven steps to save biodiversity
Biodiversity is the foundation for
sustainable development. Its ecosystem
services provide the basis for all
economic activity. Biodiversity concerns
need thus be integrated into all areas of
policy-making. Measures include market
incentives, development assistance,
biodiversity-friendly trade and
international governance processes.
66.
67. HOW DO WE CONSERVE
BIODIVERSITY?
Conservation biology matured in the
mid-20th century
as ecologists, naturalists, and other
scientists began to research and
address issues pertaining to global
biodiversity declines.
68. In situ conservation
Conservation of habitats, species and
ecosystems where they naturally
occur. This is in-situ conservation and
the natural processes and interaction
are conserved as well as the elements
of biodiversity.
69. ENDEMISM
Endemism is the ecological state of
being unique to a defined geographic
location, such as an island, nation or
other defined zone, or habitat type;
organisms that are indigenous to a
place are not endemic to it if they
are also found elsewhere.
71. SACRED GROVES
A sacred grove is a grove of trees of
special religious importance to a
particular culture. Sacred groves
were most prominent in the Ancient
Near East and prehistoric Europe,
but feature in various cultures
throughout the world.
72.
73. Ex situ conservation
The conservation of elements of
biodiversity out of the context of
their natural habitats is referred to
as ex-situ conservation. Zoos,
botanical gardens and seed banks are
all example of ex-situ conservation.
