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Early mobility benefits for young children
- 3. Why is early mobility important? Majority of brain synapses formed by age 3 Moving towards objects that capture interest Positive effect on social and cognitive development
- 4. Literature Review Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development The onset of crawling and walking is a causative factor “for cognitive, emotional, and social development.” (Galloway 2006) Early evidence of powered mobility on self- initiated behaviours (Butler, 1986)
- 5. From Butler 1986 Ages between 23-38 months
- 6. Benefits Positively influence receptive language level, social functional skills and level of caregiver assistance (Jones, 2004) Increase self-initiated movement, positively impact communication and interaction with toys (Butler, 1986) Increase interaction and socialization in the preschool environment (Ragonesi, 2010)
- 7. How Young is Too Young? Galloway (2007). Babies driving robots: self-generated mobility in very young infants Ages 7-15 months
- 8. Galloway (2007). Babies driving robots: self-generated mobility in very young infants
- 9. What about children who are not able to sit? Chen et al. (2010)
- 13. From Huang and Galloway. (2012).
- 14. From Huang and Galloway. (2012).
- 15. From Huang and Galloway. (2012).
- 16. Who? CP (GMFCS IV or V) Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type I or II Multiple limb abnormalities Lumbar level spina bifida
- 17. So Why Not? Safety Delayed “normal” motor miletones Traditional clinical beliefs Cost
- 18. So Why Not? Cost Prices vary from $100-$400 for the ride-on toys Around $150 for modifications Investment in a toy with customization Does not have the same picture of “disability” associated with it
- 19. What’s the best way to learn power mobility skills? Not like learning to drive a car Use their curiosity to play Use “come here” or “lets go over to Dad” instead of “turn left” or “go straight” Length of time practicing and environmental support strongly correlate to success (Bottos, 2001) From Livingstone (2011).
- 20. Where do we go from here? Can this equipment be bought and loaned out? Who can make the modifications? Funding
- 21. References 1. Bottos M, Bolcati C, Sciuto L, Ruggeri C, Feliciangeli A. Powered wheelchairs and independence in young children with tetraplegia. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 2001;43(11):769-77. 2. Butler C. Effects of powered mobility on self‐initiated behaviors of very young children with locomotor disability. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology. 1986;28(3):325-32. 3. Galloway JC, Ryu JC, Agrawal SK. Babies driving robots: self-generated mobility in very young infants. Intelligent Service Robotics. 2008;1(2):123-34. 4. Hansen L, Jones MA, McEwen IR. Use of power mobility for a young child with spinal muscular atrophy. (Case Report). Physical Therapy. 2003 2003/03//:253+. 5. Huang HH, Galloway JC. Modified ride-on toy cars for early power mobility: a technical report. Pediatric physical therapy. 2012;24(2):149. 6. Jones MA. Effects of power mobility on the development of young children with severe motor impairments: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2004. 7. Kermoian R, Campos JJ. Locomotor experience: A facilitator of spatial cognitive development. Child Development. 1988:908-17. 8. Livingstone R. Evidence for Practice. 2011. 9. Lynch A, Ryu JC, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility training for a 7-month-old infant with spina bifida. Pediatric physical therapy. 2009;21(4):362. 10. Ragonesi CB, Chen X, Agrawal S, Galloway JC. Power mobility and socialization in preschool: a case study of a child with cerebral palsy. Pediatric physical therapy. 2010;22(3):322-9. 11. Ragonesi CB, Galloway JC, Agrawal SK. Design of a novel mobility interface for infants on a mobile robot by kicking. Journal of Medical Devices. 2010;4:031006-1.
Hinweis der Redaktion
- -85% of child’s brain development completed by age 5-From 6 months to 3 years of age, healthy children have the ability to move towards items that capture their interest-Downs/generalized hypotonia generally independent by age 2, involved CP or spina bifida not so
- -locomotion is “the major physical modality through which a sense of initiative is achieved-
- Effects of powered mobility on frequency of self-initiated changes in locomotion (ages 23-38 months)-all has normal U/E function and were cognitively normal-study motivated by early theories that children become dependent through inability to initiate goal-directed movements (absense of curiosity)--Qualitative data was impressive: powered mobility was safe, improved psychosocial behaviours, and no negative effects reported
- -increase tolerance-after 6 weeks, driving 50% of the time
- Fig. 1. Different modifications and cars. All cars are manufactured by Fisher-Price, Inc toy cars (Fisher-Price Power Wheels, Fisher-Price Headquarters, East Aurora, New York).
- Fig. 2. Modifications of seating system.
- Fig. 3. Modifications of steering and drive system. All cars are manufactured by Fisher-Price, Inc toy cars (Fisher-Price Power Wheels, Fisher-Price Headquarters, East Aurora, New York), except for (H) the remote controlled one (ZP Toys, Mumbai, India).
- There is no negative influence on motor development or self care abilities.(evidence level II) There is no influence on motor abilities. (evidence level IV) Children may be more motivated to participate in therapy and may demonstrate increased head, trunk and arm-hand control.(evidence level V)