1. Text: Arthur Hughes

2.  Items to be covered – a lot
 But directly testing limits operations
 Importance in proficiency testing – low
 Achievement, diagnostic test - applicable
 Placement test - high

3.  Specifications
Straight-forward materials (achievement test)
 Sampling
Selecting according to importance not easier to test
 Multiple choice – low
 Paraphrase, completion, modified cloze - high

4.  Paraphrase or transformation
 example:
 Testing passive, past continuous form
 Testing present perfect with for (/negative)
 Completion or filling the gaps
 Example:
 Q: Let me take down your information. Where ......?
 A: Uttara, Dhaka
 Modified cloze
 Testing prepositions with image
 Articles, linking or mixed structures

5.  Careful allocation of award points
 Specific to the intended item(s)
 separation of points for more than one item

6.  Can be tested along with grammar.
 Formative assessment can be done.
 Little instruction than grammar
 Little necessity for such tests for achievement test.
 There may be prerequisites for placement tests.
 Diagnostic test- not necessary.

7.  Specifications
 Including relative items
 Grouping them according to importance
 Vocabulary placement test= proficiency test
 Questions: according to frequency and the text.
 Sampling
 Frequency and usefulness

8. Recognition- encouraging guessing meaning
1. Synonyms
 gleam: a. gather, b. shine, c. welcome, d. clean.
 distractions: glean(a) or similarity with clean
2. Definitions
 loathe means- a. dislike intensely, b. become seriously ill, c.
search carefully, d. look very angry
 distraction- notion of intensity
3. Gap filling or multiple choice
 context for testing knowledge of lexical item
 The strong wind ______ the man's effort to put up the tent.
 a. disabled, b. hampered, c. deranged, d. regaled

9. Production
 Only for possibility in achievement test.
1. Picture
2. Definition
 _____ is a person who treats and looks after our teeth.
(specific)
3. Gap filling
 Because of the rain, the cricket match was ___ until the
following week. (non-specific)

10.  Communicative in nature
 Less importance for learning
 Suitable for process
 Less focus on backwash effect