1. BoneAlhasien ,Mutaz
MBBS

2. Introduction Layout
 Bone Anatomy &development .
 The cartilage histology .
 Bone Microanatomy and staining techniques.
 Bone Physiology & Pathophysiolgical processes .
 Markers of bone formation .
 Synovial joints anatomy and Pathology .
 Bone Tumors correlates .

3. FUNCTION OF BONE

4. COMPOSITION OF BONE
Bone
Inorganic 65% Organic 35%
(Primarily calcium phosphate
which is present in form of
Highly insoluble crystals of Collagen 88-89% Non collagen
11-12%
Hydroxy apatite)
Glycoprotein
Proteoglycan
Sialoproteins
Lipids
Collagen fibers provide bone with great tensile strength while Inorganic salts allow bone to withstand compression.

5. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape
Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1

7. 6-7
Intramembranous Ossification

9. Growing taller throughout childhood!

11. SKELETAL CARTILAGE
• Chondrocytes:
• Lacunae:
.
• Extracellular matrix:
• Perichondrium:

12. Hundreds of Eyes Staring Back at YOU!

13. Bone Histology

14. Osteogenic cells:

18. Normal Bone Microanatomy
Undecalcified transiliac bone biopsies (right) are considered to be
representative of all skeletal bone and are suitable for examining,
measuring, and analyzing the microscopic features of cortical and
cancellous bone. Also, with the appropriate use of absorbable fluorochrome
agents, the dynamic changes that occur in bone can be assessed.
Cortical
bone
Cancellous
bone

19. Anatomic Features of a Normal Transiliac Bone Biopsy
7.5
mm
Cortex
Trabeculae
Hematopoietic
and fatty marrow

20. Normal Bone Microanatomy
Differential Tissue Stains
A number of differential stains can be used to examine undecalcified tissue.
Toluidine Blue stain (left) and Goldner Trichrome stain (right) will
be used throughout this presentation, except as otherwise indicated. Each
stain has characteristics that favor, or disfavor, its use. Either may be used
for histomorphometric analysis.
Unmineralized bone
Mineralized bone

21. Bone Formation
Woven Bone
Under conditions of rapid
turnover, e.g., normal
growth, fracture healing, or
under some pathologic
conditions as illustrated,
osteoid is deposited in
disorganized fashion
and is called woven bone
in contrast to lamellar
bone.
Lamellar bone
Woven bone

22. Bone physiology

23. BONE REMODELING
 Bone continually renews itself
 Enables Ca homeostasis.
 Spongy bone replaced every 3-4 years
 Compact bone every 10 years

24. Bone Remodeling
Vitamin D
Nutrition
Physical activity
Age, hormones
PTH, PHRP
IL1, TNF,TGF-β
 5-10% bone / year.

25. Bone Remodeling
Bone Formation
Unmineralized osteoid
Osteoblasts secrete type I collagen, called osteoid, from their basal
surfaces onto the previously resorbed surface. Osteoid forms the organic
matrix of bone.

26. Mineralization of Osteoid
The Mineralization Front
Ten to fifteen days following secretion, osteoid undergoes maturational changes
that prepare it for the initial deposition of calcium phosphate crystals.
This occurs along an interface between mineralized and unmineralized bone,
called the mineralization front.

27. Biochemical Effects of Bone Remodeling
Markers of Bone Formation
Osteoblasts secrete collagenous and noncollagenous proteins into circulation, including the C and N-terminal
fragments of procollagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin. Concentrations of these products in serum and
urine serve as “markers” of bone formation and turnover.

33. 6-33
Bone Matrix

34. SYNOVIAL JOINTS

36.  1) fibroblasts
 Hyaluronin
 Lubricin
 2) macrophages
The SUB-intima is loose CT or fat

39. One Picture Is Worth Ten Thousand Words
– Frederick Barnard, 1927

40.  Thank you