Pathophysiology, and Etiology of diabetes mellitus type I and II.

1. Pathophysiology,
and Etiology of
diabetes mellitus
type I and II.

2. Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
Type I
 The pancreas is a large gland behind the
stomach and next to the small intestine.
 What is the function of the pancreas?
• Pancreas produce Enzymes as a Exocrine for
digesting food in to digestion system.
• And it produce hormones as a Endocrine to help
the body metabolism.
• Insulin is a hormone which pancreas secrete it as a
endocrine.
 The cells that are responsible for production of
hormones in the pancreas, known as a Islet of
Langerhans; it consist two types of cells: 1- Alpha
Cells which secretes Glucagon and 2- Beta cell
which secrete Insulin.

3. Mechanism of producing Insulin and
Glucagon

4. So what happens to this gland in
diabetes mellitus?
 In diabetes mellitus the beta cells destroys and body can not produce
insulin and it can not decrease the blood sugar and as a opposite the
glucagon secrets too much, this condition lead the blood to
hyperglycemia.

5. How the beta cells destroys?
 Diabetes mellitus or insulin deficiency is a auto immune disease; means
that it will have some effect on immune system.
 Many patients with DMT1 are often born with a genetic predisposition it
means that he/she had this disease at the birth they will rehave it; because
there is other genes to develop it more.
 Modification or the environmental trigger(viruses, toxins) also cause
genetic mutation and cause the Auto immune response.
 This auto immune response actives T cells to attack on beta cell and
destroy the beta cells of pancreas.

6. Etiology of DMT1
 Genetic mutation and genetic factors
 Environmental factors
 Several circulation of Antibodies against beta cells

7. Pathophysiology of type II diabetes
mellitus
 Insulin is a key to lead the glucose through the lock
cells of our body,, so in diabetes mellitus T2 the
body will have a insulin resistance feature it means
that the beta cells works well but insulin can not
unlock the body cells and it cause hyperglycemia.
 Or the pancreas can not produce enough insulin.
 This insulin resistance and inadequate insulin lead to
decreased glucose transport to muscles.
 In this situation the cells need glucose so the liver
also increase the secretion of hepatic glucose
production and increased breakdown of fat for body
energy.

8. Etiology of DMT2
 Obesity
 Polycystic ovarian syndrome
 Genetic factors
 Hypertension(> 140/90mmHg)

9. Thanks for your attention