1.
Introduction to Extension Education
Methods
Class Instructor: Dr. Faheem Khan
Course Objectives
 At the completion of this course, the
students will be able to:
 Develop an instructional plan
 Select and apply various extension methods
under different situations
 Understand the teaching-learning process
1

2.
Cont..
Theory
Teaching as a process of facilitating learning,
developing an instructional plan for extension
teaching. Classification of extension teaching
methods: individual, group and mass contact
methods. Merits and demerits of various
extension methods. Critical analysis of various
extension methods. Planning, conducting and
follow up of various extension methods.

3.
Cont..
Practical;
Each student will develop an instructional
plan for a given extension-teaching
situation. The student(s) will be involved
in micro teaching/field situation
concerning agricultural extension.

4.
Definition of Teaching in Learning;
Education: the process of receiving or giving
systematic instruction, especially at a school or
university.
A teaching method comprises the principles and
methods used by teachers to enable
student/farmers learning. These strategies are
determined partly on subject matter to be taught
and partly by the nature of the learner. For a
particular teaching method to be appropriate and
efficient, it has to be in relation with the
characteristic of the learner and the type of
learning.

5.
Cont..
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or
the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values,
morals, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods
include teaching, training, storytelling,
discussion and directed research. Education
frequently takes place under the guidance of
educators; however, learners can also educate
themselves. Education can take place in formal,
Non-formal or informal settings, and any
experience that has a formative effect on the way
one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered
educational.

6.
Cont..
Extension is an educational process for bringing
about the maximum number of desirable changes
among the farmers, which involves both learning
& teaching & needs some tools or methods
commonly known as extension-teaching methods.
Learning' is the process by which an individual,
through his/her own activity, attains a change in
his/her behavior. The essential role of an
extension worker is to create effective 'learning
situations'.

7.
Effective learning situations;
 An instructor (an extension worker, e.g. an
extension officer or a village-level worker).
 Learners (the farmers, the farm women & the
youth).
 Subject-matter (the recommended improved
practices, such as the seeds of high-yielding
varieties, fertilizers, balanced diet, etc.).
 Teaching material, such as a flannel-board, a
black-board, charts, models, samples, slides,
film strips, etc.
 Physical facilities, such as sitting accommodation,
good visibility, etc.

8.
Continued . .
Role of Extension worker in Learning;
The extension worker should skillfully manipulate the elements of the
learning situations & provide satisfactory learning experiences for the
people. The farmer, the farmer women or the farm youth are the focal
points in the learning situations. The main aim of an extension worker
is to bring about a change in this behavior of the people with the help
of a judicious combination & use of different elements. all the teaching
should be carried out according to the needs & resources of the local
community or group.
Teaching' is the process of arranging situations in which the things to
be learnt are brought to the notice of the learners, their interest is
developed & desire aroused, i.e. they are stimulated to action.
For example, if we want to teach the farmers the use & advantages of
chemical fertilizers, we do this by conducting demonstrations on their
fields, showing them how the fertilizers are applied, & compare the
yield of the fertilizers crop with that of the crop to which no
fertilizers has ben applied. After seeing the beneficial effect of a
fertilizers, the farmer is convinced & motivated to action & starts
using fertilizers regularly.

9.
Continued ..
Extension-teaching methods;
The extension-teaching methods are the tools &
techniques used to create situations in which
communication can take place between the rural
people & the extension workers. They are the
methods of extending new knowledge & skills to
the rural people by drawing their attention
towards them, arousing their interest & helping
them to have a successful experience of the new
practice. A proper understanding of these
methods & their selection for a particular type of
work are necessary.

10.
Continued ..
Individual-contact methods;
Extension methods under this category provide
opportunities for face-to-face or person-to-
person contact between the rural people & the
extension workers. These methods are very
effective in teaching new skills & creating
goodwill between farmers & the extension
workers.
For example; Phone call, office call, personal
letter etc.

11.
Continued . .
Group-contact methods;
Under this category, the rural people or farmers
are contacted in a group which usually consists
of 20 to 25 persons. These groups are usually
formed around a common interest. These
methods also involve a face-to-face contact with
the people & provide an opportunity for the
exchange of ideas, for discussions on problems
& technical recommendations & finally for
deciding the future course of action.
For Example; Field trips, seminars, workshops,
demonstration plots etc.

12.
Continued . .
Mass or community-contact methods.
An extension worker has to approach a large
number of people for disseminating a new
information & helping them to use it. this can be
done through mass-contact methods conveniently.
These methods are more useful for making people
aware of the new agricultural technology quickly.
For example; print media (newspapers, poster,
books, journals)
Electronic media (Television, Radio, Social media
etc.).

13.
Individual Contact Method:
1. Farm visits
2. Home visits
3. Result demonstration
4. Office Call
5. Personal letters
6. Telephone Call

14.
Continued..
Individual Contact Methods;
Farms Visits;
Extension agents/worker/field personnel
usually pay visits to the farmers’ fields to
accomplish several types of purposes such
as disseminate of recommended
agricultural information among the
farmers’ communities, capacity building
training etc.

15.
Advantages of Farms visits:
1. Gives you first hand know-ledge of problems of
the farmer and his family which you cannot get
as well by any other method.
2. Is one of the most effective teaching methods
because you are dealing with problems where
they occur.
3. It gives the people an opportunity to know you
as a friend and not just as a government worker.
4. Helps you to locate leaders and cooperators.
5. It stimulates interest in other phases of the
program.
6. You can contact those who do not participate in
other extension activities.

16.
Disadvantages of Farm Visits:
1. Uses a large amount of your time.
2. The number of families you can reach is
limited.
3. You cannot always make a visit at a time that
is most convenient for the family.
4. Neighbors not visited maybe disappointed
and accuse you of favoritism.
5. You may find it difficult to avoid visiting
some farmers and their families more often
than others.

17.
Purposes of Farm Visits:
1. Public Relations Visits (Personal to Personal visit
create understanding)
2. Service Visits (Problem identification and
solution).
3. Teaching Visits (Extension educational program)
4. Organizational Visits (plan and establish a result
demonstration, to plan for a meeting, to secure
new local leaders, or to organize an advisory
committee).
5. Informational Visits (Made information of
innovative technologies and ideas).

18.
When visits to Farm Fields
 To know about the situations when the farmers needs to
visits.
I. People who are eager to try a new way, who accept or seek
help.
II. People who are natural leaders that others trust.
III. People who will only follow what others do.
IV. People who are reluctant to change and must be persuaded.
V. People who do not like to change at all.
Visit a variety of people those who are eager to learn and those
who are slow to change. Don't fall into the habit of visiting only
your friends. Remember, your responsibility is to help all the
people.

19.
Importance steps of Farms Visits:
1) Decide exactly why you are going and what you are
going to do.
2) Decide if this visit fits into your plan of work and
where.
3) Decide if you have other visits to make in this same
area that you could include on the same trip.
4) Review what you know about the family. Learn the
names of family members.
5) Decide which methods you will use to accomplish your
objectives.
6) Determine what teaching materials you will need and
get them ready.
7) Time your visit so you won't inconvenience the family.
8) If you can, tell the family when you will come.

20.
Important Tools for Farms Visit:
Demonstrations, visual aids, posters, charts,
pictures, or models are as important in making a
good farm and home visit as they are in a group
meeting. An agricultural worker may need such
things as a sharp pocket knife, hammer, small
saw, pruning shears, hands prayer, and bulletins
on appropriate farm practices.
A home economics worker may need pictures,
charts, sewing samples, and small models of
simple home improvements such as a cupboard,
mattress, or improved cooking utensils.

21.
Preparation for un-expected Situations in
Farm visits;
 You must be especially observant. Be careful of
the questions you ask. Do not ask too many or
ask them too rapidly.
 Whenever it is possible and in keeping with local
custom, dis-cuss problems with both the men
and the women. This can establish effective
working relation-ships with the family.
 Make the visit pleasant. Re-member, you are a
guest.
 Start the conversation about family members
and their activities. Call them by name.

22.
Continued . .
 Be informal and let the family talk. Be a good
listener and a close observer. Be interested in
what family members have to say.
 Be friendly, sympathetic, and always find
something to praise. Every family has pride,
and praise generally brings a positive
response.
 Render service when it is needed and wanted,
and make it educational.
 What you learn from the family is a secret.
Never repeat it to others.

23.
Continued . .
 Before you leave, make sure both you and the
family clearly understand the purpose of your
visit and any action either of you has agreed to
take. Writing down such plans and promises is a
good way to help you and the family remember.
 Avoid wasting your time and the time of the
family. End your visit when you accomplish
what you came for.
 Be sure you show you appreciate the chance to
meet the family and visit their home.
 To make farm and home visits as effective as
possible, you should record each visit soon after
you make it.

24.
Continued . .
 It is generally wise not to make written notes while
you are at the home, except to write down things you
promise to do. Stop along the road later and write
down what you learned. Use a form like that on page
10 to record each visit you make.
 Follow up the visit; Send any material or information
you promised as promptly as you can. Invite the
family to attend any pertinent meetings to be held in
their area. If you promised a return visit, go back
when you said you would.
 Evaluate the visit; How do you feel about the visit you
have made? Think it over. To learn how you could
have done better, ask yourself the following
questions. This will help you to improve your future
visits.

25.
Significant of Farm Visit:
 A visit is the best method for the job.
 You have a definite purpose.
 You plan the visit carefully.
 You are friendly, understanding, and sympathetic.
 You gain the family's confidence.
 You usually tell them you are coming.
 You help them analyze their problems and make their own
decisions.
 You leave when your work is done.
 You follow up.
Remember;
Visit those families who need a visit the most. If other
methods will do the job as well, use them.

26.
Office Call
These involve direct personal contact
between the extension worker and the
farmer for desiring information on need
base.
In the office contact method, the farmer
goes to the office of the extension worker
to seek some sort of help, assist, training
or cooperation.

27.
Reasons of Office Call Method
I. The farmer clearly recognizes the
complexity of his/her problem, and that it is
directly related to fulfillment of some
urgent need.
II. The farmer has a strong desire to solve its
problem. It is not possible himself/herself to
solve it.
III. The farmer has a full confidence in
extension worker and values his/her advice
regarding the solution of his/her problem.
IV. The farmer is receptive to learn new things.

28.
Basic essential for successful Office Call
The following conditions must be met if the
extension worker’s office is to be attractive to
farmers.
I. The extension field personnel must prove
themselves to be a valuable source of
information for the farmers. The farmer
visits the extension office if he/she feels
that there is something useful for him/her.
II. Field worker must keep themselves
available in their office during office hours.

29.
Continued . .
III. All types of information required by the farmers
should be readily available in the office.
IV. The office of the extension worker should be
located at a home which is easy for the farmers
to reach.
V. Visitors (extension workers) should be given
respect and full cooperation. The office in-charge
must ensure proper space, seating
arrangements, and other needs to facilities for
the comfort of visitors. Before, coming to
discussion, it is always desirable to chat or have
light refreshments in order to ensure the visitors
of their worth.

30.
Advantages of Office Call
1) Money-saving is a decisive factor in parsing the
advantages and disadvantages of conference calls;
It would be difficult to think of any enterprise which
wouldn’t be cheered by the thought of saving some
money. Even organizations which aren’t run for profit like
charities can gain a lot and save a lot by conference
calling.
There are actually lots of costs which teleconferencing can
slash. To begin with, you’re saving commuting costs for all
the participants who would have to travel to the meeting.
You could also save a bundle on renting out an appropriate
meeting space.
Things like providing refreshments or printing materials
can quickly build to a significant chunk of the budget by the
end of the year. Plus, even something like using electricity
to light the room comes at a cost, and every penny counts!.

31.
Continued . .
2) Conference calls can be totally free;
No fees or charges for being a member, hosting a call,
or any other part of Call services, conference calling
will never have to figure in your budget at all.
3) Save time by conference calling;
Agricultural extension worker can also save lots of
time. And if time is money, that’s even more back in
your pocket.
4) Telephones are extremely accessible, a crucial
consideration in the advantages and
disadvantages of conference meetings.

32.
Continued . .
5) Conference Call allows direct Communication;
There are things which it’s quicker and easier to
express vocally. Signals can get crossed and
messages literally and figuratively missed in lengthy
IM conversations and endless email chains. Picking
up the phone can cut through the nonsense and get
people to work.
6) Collaboration and cooperation are powerful
business tools and vital factors in the
advantages and disadvantages of conference
calls.

33.
Continued . .
7) You can cast a much wider net;
Taking geographical proximity out of the
equation means you can appeal to a far greater
number of stakeholders. It is fruitful to reaching a
wider audience and increasing the number of
potential partnerships makes successful alliances
and investments more likely.
8) Flexible working figures crucially in the
advantages and disadvantages of conference
calls.

34.
Result Demonstration
Result demonstration
4) Selection of demonstrator; It is better and
advisable that a capable farmer be entrusted to
act a demonstrator. The extension worker is,
therefore, supposed to assist the farmers
demonstrator whenever it is necessary.
In this way the process of demonstration will be
conducted in a healthy atmosphere.
The true spirit of the demonstration is that all
activities should be performed by the demonstrator
himself, with the minimum assistance of agricultural
extension worker.

35.
Characters of demonstrators
I. Cooperative with extension worker and other
farmers.
II. Well educated and dynamic.
III. Financial sound that he/she able to bear the
expenses of the demonstration.
IV. Have a favorable opinion of the extension worker.
V. Have a large enough, fertile piece of land along
the road side which is easily approachable to
other farmers.
VI. Well respectable and popular among other
community members.

36.
Continued . .
5) Starting the demonstration; Before
starting the demonstration, the extension
worker will review the whole plan for
demonstration with demonstrator.
Discuss all steps with the administrator. Keep
the demonstration very simple at only ONE
aspect.
The extension worker must ensure the active
participation of the demonstrator through the
process.

37.
Continued . .
6) Supervision;
The extension worker must pay frequent
visits to the demonstration to:
I. Check the progress.
II. Maintain the interest of the
demonstrator.
III. Provide technical assistance in the
demonstration.

38.
Continued . .
7) Completion of the demonstration;
At the completion stage, the recommended and traditional
practices are to be compared.
The extension worker must use all the possible ways and
means to call the maximum number of farmers to the spot to
show them the difference between both practices.
At this stage, demonstration may become group contact
method.
The extension worker must summarized the whole process
to audience.
He/she should also take pictures for general public use and
distribute printed material regarding the results of the
demonstration among the audience.

39.
Continued . .
8) Follow-up;
A successful demonstration demands follow-up.
The extension worker must try to inform as many
as farmers as possible about the result
demonstration. After that, he must maintain
regular contact with the farmers to get them to
adopt the improved demonstrated practice.
Then the extension worker must render all
possible help to the farmers in putting it into
practice.

40.
Adult Education / Farmers’ Education
Adult/Farmers Education or Extension Education;
The success of adult farmer education or an
extension programme depends upon the
motivation of adults to participate in the
programme.
It is essential for the extension work to perform
their tasks in accordance with the performances
and needs of innovations in most understandable,
convincing and effective way.
It is because that farmers adopt the innovation
practices and ideas in farming.

41.
Essential Steps for Farmers / Adult
Education
 Know about the adult education
 Characters and needs of adult learners.
 Laws and factors effecting the adult learning.
Concept of Adult education;
I. Adult education is the process of educating
adults who are not able to get formal education
or have failed to continue their education for any
reason.
II. Adult education is providing outside four
boundaries wall (formal education). It is called
Non-Formal education.

42.
Continued . .
III. Adult education is providing for a person
having 16 years or above age.
IV. Educational purpose carried on by mature
and competent person on a part time basis.
V. Adult education is any voluntary, purposeful
effort toward the self development of adult
farmers.
VI. Adult education conducted by public or
private agencies directed towards such
special subject as citizenship, consumers
problems, farming etc.

43.
Aim of Adult Education
1) Access to education by men and women who are no
longer of school age and young people who for
various reasons, have not had the opportunity to
attend school.
2) Lifelong process, give education to each individual to
supplement his/her store of knowledge throughout
the course of his/her life.
3) Aimed at redressing the shortcomings of conventional
education.
4) Knowledge of farmers should be current/updated in
light of new research findings and changes in
educational practices.

44.
Reasons for the Need of Adult Education
1) Changes of technology and other aspects;
The agricultural technologies and practices are
rapidly changing all over the world. The delay of
adoption innovative technologies and practices are
cause back individual or a nation.
2) The problems faced by our community are
mostly at level.
The adults must step forward and try to solve the
problems faced by their own generation. The nature
of person problem be changed with time and young
generation are facing other new problems.

45.
Continued . .
3) Knowledge is unlimited;
No one can clam master or expert of any type of
knowledge. A result of continuous research,
knowledge is developing and changing rapidly.
4) Education is a continuous process and should
never be disrupted.
The individual is said to be competent who has
kept himself/herself continuously informed of
new knowledge. Without education the
individual can not step forward for his/her own
nation development.

46.
Continued . .
5) Adult education is more effective than
traditional education;
It is because that clients of adult education are
mature and equipped with sound
understanding.
Although, adults have decreasing memorizing
ability, their understanding level is surly
enhanced.
Again, adult education is the last chance for
individuals who want to gain knowledge to join
the educated persons.