biogas

1. FROM: http://www.sswm.info FROM: http://designtaxi.com
Presented at the Regional Workshop on
MAINSTREAMING AFRICA BIOENERGY POLICY FRAMEWORK AND GUIDELINES
Organised by
African Union and United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
16 – 18 September, Nairobi, KENYA
Bioenergy Platforms and Technologies
By
Prof. Thomson Sinkala
tsinkala@gmail.com
CHAIRMAN, Biofuels Association of Zambia
Powerful
bioenergy
feedstock
from our body

2. CONTENTS
• Bioenergy production technologies
• Research, development, demonstration and
deployment
• Institutional and technical capacity development
• Conclusions

3. BIOENERGY PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
3

4. • Fuel wood
• Charcoal
• Agricultural waste
• Wood pellets
• Biogas
• Bioethanol (equivalent of gasoline)
• Biodiesel (equivalent of diesel), and
• Bioelectricity
GENERAL ORGANISATION OF TECHNOLOGIES

5. A burden to carry
Easy to harvest
trenuous to harvest
Easy to transport A lot in store, few trips
Little in store, many trips
Clean cooking stove
Unhealthy cooking
Examples of Firewood Production Technologies and Use

6. Examples of Charcoal Fuel Technologies and Use

7. Litter Drying Heaping Cooking
Example of Agricultural Waste for Cooking

8. Examples of Wood Pellet Processing

9. (FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)
Example of Biogas Production

10. Agro/Bioenergy Production Synergies
(FROM: biogas.ifas.ufl.edu)

11. (FROM: http://www.google.co.zm/imgres?imgurl=)
Electricity Production from Biogas

12. 12
Biogas bus
(Sweden)
Biogas fridge
Biogas cookstove
Biogas generator
(Alibaba)
Biogas lamp
Biogas motorbike
(www.inforse.org)
Biogas truck
BIOGAS
(One Stop Gas)
Biogas train
(www.metaefficient.com)
Biogas car
(oneighturbo.com)
Biogas Market

13. Examples of Bioethanol Feedstocks
+ Grass and Wood

14. ITEM SUGARCANE SWEET SORGHUM CASSAVA AGAVE Americana SUGAR BEET
Feedstock unit cost 0.381 0.384 0.15 – 0.47 0.512 0.15 to 0.29
Yield, (Metric Tons/Ha) 110 20 - 100 12 - 40 80 60 to 80
Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton), fresh
roots.
80 45 170 125
110
Yield, (Litres/Ha/Harvest) 8,800 900 – 4,500 2,000 - 6,000 3,600 - 12,000 4,800 – 10,000
Water Requirement, (mm/crop)
1500 - 2500 450 to 700 400 - 750 500
600
Fertiliser Requirement, (Kg/Ha)
300 basal & 250
kg urea
N 75-150
P 30-60,
K 60-120.
NPK N20:P10:K10, 9 (50 kg) bags
(if necessary)
150 – 350 Kg Urea
(if necessary)
Gestation Period, (months) 12 - 14 4 – 4.3 12 - 16 60 - 72 5 - 6
Rotation Crops
Maize, sorghum, vegetables,
legumes, rubber, oil palm, tropical
sugarbeet (Gokhale, 2010).
Corn, sorghum,
vegetables, cassava
(Gokhale, 2010)
Examples of Immediate Revenue
Diversification
Food, Feed, Fiber,
Biogas, Electricity,
Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Fiber,
Biogas, Electricity,
Fertilizer
Food, Feeds, Fiber, Biogas, Starch,
Electricity,
Food, Feed, Fiber,
Biogas, Electricity,
Fertilizer
Biogas, Electricity
Remarks
Can be stored as
molasses.
Harvested and
processed s within
a month. Stored as
molasses.
10,000 – 15,000 plants per hectare,
80cm – 100cm spacing and rows. Can
be processed from fresh roots or dry.
Extensive experience
in Mexico, but also
Australia and USA
recently.
Must process fresh
roots
Bioethanol Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

15. Bioethanol, bioelectricity and fertiliser
(FROM: http://www.sseassociation.org/Publications/feasibilitystudyofsweetsorghum.pdf)

16. 16
Liquefaction module
Fermentation module
Distillation module
Dehydration module
E.g. Mansego Modular Bioethanol Refinery
• Can be commissioned within 5 - 8 months.
• No need for large start-up capital.
• Can process multiple feedstocks.
• Minimum 500,000 L/year (1,670 L/day) bioethanol.
• Minimum 360,000 L/year (1,000 L/day) biodiesel.
Modular Biorefineries and their Importance

17. 17
Bioethanol Market
Bioethanol bus
Bioethanol fridge
Bioethanol cookstove
Flexi fuel generator
Bioethanol lantern
Flexi fuel motorbike
Bioethanol truck
Eg. BIOETHANOL
A One-Stop Fuel
Flexi fuel plane
Flexi fuel car

18. Examples of Biodiesel Feedstocks
Animal Fat, Waste
Cooking Oil, Algae
and Wood
+

19. ITEM SOY PALM JATROPHA MORINGA CASTOR SUN FLOWER
Feedstock unit cost, US$/Litre 0.429 0.426 0.459 0.290 0.562 0.698
Yield, (Metric Tons /Ha) 3.5 15.8 6.0 3.0 1.0 2.0
Yield, (Litres/Metric Ton) 196 230 300 400 489 398
Yield, (Litres/Ha) 686 4,803 1,800 1,200 489 796
Water Requirement, mm 450 - 700
3 – 5mm per day during
hot-dry season
500 - 600 250 – 3000 500-600 600 -1000
Fertilizers Requirement, (Per Ha)
250 Basal, 100
Urea
N170-230, P70-90, K220-
310 per Year
2.5 t Manure
Appropriate amount
of manure, when and
if necessary
N40,P40, K20
200 Basal, 150
Urea.
Gestation Period, (months) 4.5 to 5 24 – 30 24 - 36 12 - 24 4 - 6 4.2 to 4.5
Examples of Immediate Revenue
Diversification
Food, Feed
Food, Electricity, Fodder,
Building, Furniture
Feed, Biogas,
Electricity,
Fertilizer
Food, Feed, Biogas,
Electricity, Fertilizer,
Etc
Fertilizer,
Biogas
Food, Feed,
Biogas
Remarks
Currently
experiencing
high prices in
the food
market.
When efficient, ONE
worker can harvest 10-
hectare (Fact Foundation,
2010)
There is
presently no
“Cook Book” to
give definite
yields. Yields are
currently
location specific.
Among the world’s
most useful plants.
A very
important oil
in high-tech
industry as a
lubricant.
Biodiesel Feedstock Characteristics (Costs are for Zambia)

20. Biodiesel Processing

21. Biomass for Electricity Generation in Biodiesel Processing
(SOURCE: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_bCNdcYdqloQ/S9jg4-iNsFI/AAAAAAAAAMA/E7jJT3RVEfQ/s1600/palmtree-biomass.jpg)

22. (SOURCE: http://www.mpoweruk.com/biofuels.htm)
Electricity Generation from Biomass

23. RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND DEPLOYMENT
23

24. 24
Bioenergy Value Chain
1. PRELIMINARY
ACTIVITIES
2.
PRODUCTION
INFRASTRUCTURE
2.
FEEDSTOCK
PRODUCTION and
TRADE
4.
BIOFUELS
PROCESSING
5.
BIOFUELS TECHNICAL SERVICE
ACTIVITIES
OTHER
SERVICES
Business Plans
Sourcing funds
Land acquisitions /
lease contracts
Impact assessments
Obtaining permits
and licences
Securing markets
Setting-up of
bioenergy industry
governance
Technology
assessments
Etc
Drilling boreholes
Building dams and
canals
Assessing soils
Building access
roads and bridges
Building houses and
offices
Building processing
plants
Etc,.
Land clearance
Land preparations
Nurseries
Plantation
development
Plantation
management
Weed and pest
control
Feedstock
harvesting
Feedstock trading
Etc.
Cassava peeling,
chipping and
drying
Seed cleaning and
packaging
Oil extraction
Molasses
production
Processing and
refining of biofuels
Byproducts
production.
Biofuels transportation
Byproduct transportation
Biofuels blending
Biofuels transportation
Engine conversion
Importation of biofuels compliant
vehicles and appliances
Manufacturing of inputs and processing
plants for the biofuels value chain
Biofuels R&D
Training in biofuels industry
Biofuels quality control assessments
Biofuels plant repair
Etc.
Education
Health
Recreation
Etc
Activities include identifying and addressing the challenges for sustainable bioenergy production
through good industry governance, field trials, applied research, capacity building, modeling and
analysis.

25. Feedstock for Wood, Charcoal and Pellets
EXAMPLES OF RESEARCH AREAS
• Fast-growing and water-efficient forest plants
• Sustainable wood harvest
• Efficient forest marketing
• Incorruptible forestry governance and licensing

26. (FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)
Cookstoves

27. General Research, Development, Demonstration and Deployment
FEEDSTOCK SUPPLY
 Identify sustainable, high-
quality feedstock supply and
quantify risk
 Baseline sustainable regional
feedstock productivity
 Develop commercial-scale
supply systems
CONVERSION
 Reduce costs/improve quality of
intermediates
 Reduce enzyme costs
 Develop fermentation organisms
 Enable high performance
separations technologies
 Improve catalyst performance–
cleanup/ conditioning and fuel
synthesis
 Maximize carbon utilization
 Optimize reactor performance
DEMONSTRATION & DEPLOYMENT
 Validate biorefinery operations
 Establish pioneer plants
 Support advanced biofuels compatibility
testing
 Support biopower demonstration and
deployment
Cross-cutting areas
SUSTAINABILITY
 Assess effects across full supply
chain
 Establish baselines and targets
for improving sustainability
 Develop best practices
STRATEGIC ANALYSIS
 Define and validate technology
performance targets
 Guide program planning
 Assess progress
STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS
 Increase awareness of accomplishments
 Communicate new technology strategies
 Educate stakeholders on environmental
and oil-displacement benefits
(FROM: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov)

28. Feedstock Supply and Logistics
Feedstock constitutes about 70% of final bioenergy product.
Providing biomass for conversion into biofuels represents an
economic opportunity for communities across Africa.
This requires developing the technologies and systems needed
to sustainably and economically deliver a broad range of
biomass in formats that enable efficient use in biorefineries.

29. Feedstock Supply and Logistics (continued)
The diverse biomass transformed by these technologies and systems must be
consistent, quality-controlled commodity products that can be efficiently
handled, stored, and transported to biorefineries for processing.
This work requires a complementary focus on feedstock supply interfaces and
logistics, as follows (http://apps1.eere.energy.gov).
• Interfaces: To develop compatibility at interfaces with commercial-scale
handling equipment and conversion processes, R&D should explore biomass
specifications and characteristics, the effects of various handling techniques, and
the resulting impacts on conversion performance.
• Logistics: R&D is required for systems for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing,
storing, and transporting diverse forms of biomass more efficiently.
 Therefore it is important to also research and develop equipment and
systems to improve biomass quality, reduce costs, and increase
productivity.

30. INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
30

31. INSTITUTIONAL AND TECHNICAL CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT
Government
 Policies, regulations and standards
 Governance
 Information on value for investment (e.g.
balance sheet approach)
 Etc
Industry
 Feedstocks
 Technologies
 Production efficiencies
 Etc

32. Public / consumers
 Consumer information
 Value chain information
 Products
 Standards
 Etc
Universities / Educational Institutions
 Mainstreaming bioenergy in curricula
 Research, development and demonstration
 Etc

33. NGOs
 Community needs and information
 Bioenergy industry participatory methods
 Community resource management
 Land rights
 Gender issues
 Etc
RECs
 Identifying and providing info on best
practices in bioenergy development
 Capacity building in cross-border bioenergy
issues
 Etc

34. CONCLUSIONS
34

35. 35
 Africa has resources (material and human), but lacks
productive action.
 Available technologies can be used to establish a
vibrant bioenergy industry in Africa.
 Bioenergy is (probably) the only industry that can
benefit on sustainable basis.
 Economic empowerment from bioenergy industry, if
well organised, can reduce conflicts and save the
environment.

36. Thank you for your attention