Basics for Planning the irrigation system

1. PLANNING OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
TYPES OF CANALS
WATER ALLOWANCE
COMMAND STATEMENT
ENGINEERING CHAK BANDI
CAPACITY STATEMENT
WARABANDI
BASIC REVENUE TERMS
MUHAMMAD FAHIM ASLAM

2. TYPES OF CANALS
 Depending on Soil Type
o Alluvial Canals (LCC, LBDC Systems)
o Non-Alluvial Canals (GTC, Greater Thal Canal)
 Depending upon Lining
o Lined Canals
o Unlined Canals
 Depending upon Period of flow
o Perennial Canals
o Non-Perennial Canals

3. JUSTIFICATION CHECKS FOR LINING OF CANAL
 Consideration must be given to seepage rates with
and without lining
 Amount of water saved
 Operation and maintenance costs
 Drainage costs
 Canal size
 Right-of-way
 Allowable velocities
 Structure costs and
 The various types of lining

4. TYPES OF CANALS
 Classification of canals based on their alignment
o Contour canal (Feeds on one side)
o Watershed canal(Feeds on both sides, aligned on natural
watershed line)
o Side slope canal (Right angles to contour, irrigates both sides,
avoiding the construction of cross-drainage structures)

5. TYPES OF CANALS
 Classification based on Off taking Point
o Main canal
o Branch canal
o Major Distributary canal
o Minor canal
 Classification based on Source of Water
o Permanent Canals
o Non permanent Canals

6. TYPES OF CANALS
 Classification based on Financial Output
o Productive Canals (for the revenue generation)
o Protective Canals (for relief works in the area of famine)
 Inundation Canals (supplies from river when stage
is high)
 Classification based on Function of Canal
o Irrigation Canals
o Feeder Canals (For feeding two or more canals,
Rajasthan Feeder Canal, Pat Feeder Canal)
o Power Channel Canals (Ghazi Barotha Canal) 1450MW

7. LINK CANALS (FROM ONE RIVER TO ANOTHER)
i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)
ii) Taunsa Panjnad Link (T-P Link)
iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link (R-Q Link)
iv) Qadirabad Balloki Lin (Q-B Link)
v) Balloki Sulemanki Link II (B-S Link II)
vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link (T-S Link)
vii) Sidhnai – Milsi – Bahawal Link (S-M-B Link)
TYPES OF CANALS

8. NAVIGATIONAL/TRANSPORTATION CANALS (E.G,
PANAMA CANAL AND SUEZ CANAL)
• Weirs and Dams to raise river water levels to usable depths;
• Locks to allow ships and barges to ascend/descend.

9. THE FLIGHT OF 16 CONSECUTIVE LOCKS AT CAEN HILL ON THE KENNET AND
AVON CANAL, WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND

10. REFERENCES
 Irrigation and Water Power Engineering by dr. B.C
Punmia and Dr. Pande B.B Lal , Page no. 572-576
 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures by
Santosh Kumar Garg, Page no.67-73

11. WATER ALLOWANCE
It is the discharge in cusec required to irrigate 1000
Acres of an area and is expressed in cusec/1000
acres (or in cumec/100 ha)
Factors Affecting Water Allowance
 Climate including rainfall and evaporation
 Soil
 General type of crop
 Nature of crops
 Efficiency of cultivation system
 Delta(∆) :Depth of water required by the crop
 Methods of water application

12. WATER ALLOWANCE
 Duty of Crop (D): (Number of hectares of land irrigated
by 1m3/sec of water)
The duty of water, or the quantity of water required per acre,’ to
be used for preliminary studies of a canal system, may best
be estimated from records of the use of water under similar
conditions on similar areas and crops.
 Crop Period: Time from sowing to harvesting
 Base Period(B): Time from 1st watering of crop to its
last watering
 Relation b/w Duty and Delta:
∆ = 8.64B/D (meters)
 Intensity of crop

13. CROP WATER REQUIREMENT
The depth of water needed to meet the water loss through
evapotranspiration (ETcrop) of a disease-free crop,
growing in large fields under nonrestricting soil
conditions including soil water and fertility and achieving
full production potential under the given growing
environment
CALCULATION
1. Evapotranspiration (ETo)
ETo is expressed in mm per day
4 methods to measure Eto
 Blaney-Criddle
 Radiation
 Penman and
 Pan Evaporation method

14. CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

15. IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY (E)
To account for losses of water incurred during conveyance and
application to the field, an efficiency factor should be included
when calculating the project irrigation requirements. Project
efficiency is normally subdivided into following stages, each of
which is affected by a different set of conditions:
1. Conveyance efficiency (Ec):
Ratio between water received at inlet to a block of fields and that
released at the project headworks.
2. Field canal efficiency (Eb):
Ratio between water received at the field inlet and that received
at the inlet of the block of fields.
3. Field application efficiency (Ea):
Ratio between water directly available to the crop and that
received at the field inlet.
4. Project efficiency (Ep):
Ratio between water made directly available to the crop and that
released at headworks, or Ep =Ea.Eb.Ec.

17. REFERENCES
 Irrigation and Water Power Engineering by dr. B.C
Punmia and Dr. Pande B.B Lal , Page no. 572-576
 Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures by
Santosh Kumar Garg, Page no.67-73
 Manual of Irrigation Practice , Chapter 8,Page no.3-
9
 Canals and Related structures, USBR Manual
 FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 24, Crop Water
Requirements, Page 77-79

18. COMMAND STATEMENT
 Prepared to get the feeding levels of chaks of
channels
 Critical levels are found
 Distance from outlet head to critical level is
measured
 L.Slope of water course (Min 0.2’ to 0.25’ per
thousand)is considered and loss of head related to
is calculated
 Minimum Working head is kept at head
 Field command value is opted
 Water levels are commuted for both critical levels
 Water level required at head is obtained

19. ENGINEERING CHAKBANDI
 Chak: Area irrigated by outlet
 Factors affecting size of chak
o Discharge
o Natural Slope
o Political boundaries of villages
 Drawn with the help of Contour maps
 Local ridges and depressions must be marked
 Settlements and Un commanded area must be marked
 GCA is calculated
 CCA is calculated
 Separate chak for Un commanded area must be formed
 Crossing of Natural and man made barriers (hills, sand dunes,
roads, railways etc) must be avoided
 Revenue Chak Bandi is planned afterwards

21. CAPACITY STATEMENT
It is experienced that after construction of the canal, the
various unanticipated water demands arises due to various
reasons which affects the carrying capacity of canal assumed
at the time of design of canal.
1. The drinking and industrial water requirement demands
2. The letting out of water in rivers, nala during scarcity period
3. The demands for lift irrigation schemes on uncommand side
of the Canals
4. The increased water demand due to the rich cropping
pattern (Water intensive) adopted by farmers
5. The demand for letting the water in storage tanks in
command area and recharging of the command area during
monsoon period.

22. CAPACITY STATEMENT
 It should be sufficient to deliver the irrigation water
to planned command area and designed cropping
pattern of project in expected rotation period

23. WARABANDI
• Warabandi is a rotational method for equitable distribution of
the available water in an irrigation system by turns fixed
according to predetermined schedule specifying the day, time
and duration of supply to each irrigator in proportion to size of
his land holding in the outlet command.(Singh 1981, Malhotra
1982)
• Prepared by the Irrigation department
OBJECTIVES OF WARABANDI
As an integrated water management system, warabandi is
expected to achieve two main objectives,
 High efficiency
 Equity in water use

24. WARABANDI
 KACHA WARABANDI
The warabandi which has been decided by the farmers
solely on their mutual agreement, without
formal involvement of any government agency is known
as kachcha ( ordinary or unregulated) warabandi.
 PUCCA WARABANDI
The warabandi decided after field investigation and public
inquiry by the irrigation department when disputes
occurred and issued in officially recognized warabandi
schedules, is called pucca warabandi.
TYPES OF WARABANDI

25. BASIC REVENUE TERMS
PATWARI
 Subordinate to SDO
 Incharge of Halqa(Group of villages)
 Prepares Initial Record on which Canal water
revenue is assessed and collected
 Prepares Record of Measurement(Kasra
Gardawari)
 Reports Zilladar for Canal water theft
 Prepares Village note book(small scale sketches of
water courses, chaks)

26. BASIC REVENUE TERMS
GIRDAWAR/QANOONGO
Supervisor of Patwaris
GIRDAWARI
Harvest inspection
LAMBARDAR
Village head
HALQA
It consists of definite group of villages, 3000 to 5000 acers in Patwar Circle
CROPS YEAR
Booking and Assessment of two major crops
KHASRAH
Field measurement book
KHASRAH JINSWAR
Crop estimation registers
SHUDKAR
Recording of area under irrigation by the Patwari before cultivation and final
measurement of crops
Lal KITAB
Note Book in which Patwari prepares small scale sketches of water courses chaks of
his halqa

27. BASIC REVENUE TERMS
JAMABANDI
Register of holdings of owners and tenants showing land held by
each person, land revenue and cesses
KARAM
Unit of length (5 pace/kadam)(5’6”)
KHADIR
Low laying land near river
BURJI
Survey Pillar (1 RD)
BARANI
Dependent on rainfall
LATHAA GIRDAWARI
A cloth copy of Patwari map or
A map of village/mouza showing khasra numbers and
size

28. BASIC REVENUE TERMS
Masavee
A map of village on hard paper, placed under the
supervisison of Girdawar/ Mapping sheet
Lathaa
Masavee

29. BASIC REVENUE TERMS
Sihadda
Masonary pillar erected where boundaries of three
villages meet
Abiyana
A tax money given to lambardar by the farmers for the
irrigation supplies
Khata
Holding of a tenant
Munshee
Assistant of patwari/ girdawar
Kachahri
District court house
Khewat
A list of owners holding

30. BASIC REVENUE TERMS
Banjar Kham
Land, which has remained unsown for 4 to 11 successive
harvests.
Farad
A copy of land record.
Ghair Mumkin
Is uncultivated land such as bed of a nullah, road graveyard etc.
Malia
Land revenue
Shajra Nasab
The genealogical tree of the landowners in a village, prepared
at the time of settlement. Updated in Charsala after every four
years, it is a mandatory part of the Record-of-Rights.
Tatima Shajra
A revised map of any field in consequences of partition, transfer,
inheritance etc.

31. BASIC STRUCTURE OF LAND ADMINISTRATION
Country
Province
Division
District
Tehsil/Taluka
Qanoongo Halqa (QH)
Patwar Circle (PC)
Mauza/Village

32. TYPES OF LAND
 State Owned Land
Land owned by Govt. (Sarkaari zameen). Fed. Or Prov.
It means that its ownership or legal entitlement vests in the government.
State land may be classified as follows:
a) State land assigned to individuals for various uses including cultivation,
storage etc. on a temporary basis. This type of land can normally be
resumed by the state;
b) State land granted to individuals under various schemes like cattle
breeding, horse studs etc. In this category, the ownership belongs to
the state and it is possessed by the citizens on a temporary basis
against a nominal annual rent to be paid by user to the state;
c) Governments used to grant lands to the influential citizens as Jaagir
(gift, largesse;
d) State Land is cultivated directly under the State.
e) State lands that are under some government scheme or are under
afforestation;
f) State lands that are barren and are not under cultivation or cannot be
made cultivatable due to its inhospitable terrain or unsuitable soil.

33. TYPES OF LAND
 Privately Owned Land
a) Farmland usually falls under private ownership.
b) Farmland may be self-cultivated (khud kaasht) or
cultivated through tenants who pay agreed rent to the
owner either in cash or in kind;
c) Some owners of land get the land cultivated through
servants or seasonal labour. It remains in the category
of self-cultivated;
d) Private owners have full rights to sell, gift, exchange or
dispose of their private land in any manner they wish
subject to some legal limitations.
e) The private owned land is subject to automatic
inheritance under the Muslim personal law and the
property rights devolve after the death of a legal owner
on his/her legal heirs

34. TYPES OF LAND
 Shamilat or Shamilat Deh
a) Village common land.
b) Shamilat land is a grant given by the State, out of State land, to the
owners of the village to be used for their common purposes and is
usually granted at the time of settlement; common places include
grazing grounds, firewood collection, graveyards, community
buildings, mosques, schools, dispensaries, play grounds, village
ponds, village roads, passages for the movement of cattle etc;
c) All persons recorded as owners of land in a village are also joint
owners of Shamilat of the village, their shares being proportionate to
the size of their holding vis-à-vis total farm land in the village;
d) When they sell their land, the share of shaamlaat also goes to the
new buyer accordingly.

35. TYPES OF PROERTIES
 'Immoveable property' includes land, buildings, benefits to
arise out of land and things attached to the earth, or
permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth,
hereditary allowances, rights to ways, lights, ferries and
fisheries. But does not include: i. Standing timber, growing
crops or grass; ii. Fruit upon and juice in trees whether in
existence or to grow in future; and iii. Machinery embedded in
or attached to the earth, when dealt with apart from the land.
 Moveable property
Property of every description except immoveable property

36. LAND ACQUISITION BY STATE
The Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 recognizes the fundamental right to
acquire, hold and dispose off private property in any part of Pakistan
Article 23 and 24 deal with it
The state can compulsorily acquire or take into possession the private
property under article 24 in the following cases:
i. For preventing danger to life, property or public health;
ii. If any property which has been acquired by, or comes into the
possession of, any person by any unfair means, or in any manner,
contrary to law;
iii. Enemy property or evacuee property under any law;
iv. For providing education and medical aid to all or any specified
class of citizens;
v. For providing housing and public facilities and services such as
roads, water supply, sewerage, gas and electric power
vi. vi. For providing maintenance to those who, on account of
unemployment, sickness, infirmity or old age, are unable to
maintain themselves.

37. LAND ACQUISITION BY STATE
 The lands can be acquired under the following two laws:
i. Land Acquisition Act, 1894; and
ii. Capital Development Authority Ordinance, 1960. b) First and
foremost and most commonly invoked law is the 1894 Act that
permits acquisition for public purpose, (for railways, schools,
hospitals etc.).
Land acquisition Act, 1894 designates the Revenue Authorities
under respective Boards of Revenue to process the
acquisitions. The acquisition may be voluntary or compulsory.
Capital Regulation of 1959 was related to lands demarcated for
establishment of Islamabad as the permanent Capital. Later,
the Regulation was incorporated in the Capital Development
Authority Ordinance, 1960.

38. LAND ACQUISITION BY STATE
 The process of land acquisition is initiated with a decision by a
Federal, Provincial or Local Government Department or a
public company (called acquiring agency) to execute a 'public
purpose' project and such acquiring agency first secures the
funds for the land acquisition.
 The acquiring agency conveys the desire for acquisition to
the local District Collector/Deputy Commissioner and deposits
the estimated compensation in government treasury in the
non-lapsable account of the Collector.
 The Collector computes this estimated compensation and in
his/her final order, it can be changed. When the Collector
decides that the land is needed for any public purpose or for a
Company, a notification to that effect is published in the official
Gazette, and the Collector gives a public notice of the
notification.
 After this notification, it is lawful for any authorized officer:
i. To enter upon and survey and take levels of the land;
ii. To dig or bore into the subsoil;
iii. To do all other acts necessary to ascertain whether the land
is adapted for such purpose;

39. LAND ACQUISITION BY STATE
iv. To set out the boundaries of the land proposed to be taken and the
intended line of the work (if any) proposed to be made thereon; A
Guide on Land and Property Rights in Pakistan 56 14.3 Purpose of
the Land Acquisition
The Collector then undertakes detailed demarcation of the land
proposed for acquisition to ensure amongst others that no parcel is
already under any public use, a graveyard, an educational facility or
a watercourse or already notified for some other departmental
requirement
The Collector shall then give public notice that the Government intends
to take possession of the particular land, and that claims to
compensation for and the objections about the measurement of the
land may be made to him/her.
In case immediate possession is deemed necessary by the acquiring
department and the Collector, an additional Gazette notification by
the Divisional Commissioner is required that obligates15% extra
payments to the owner.

40. LAND ACQUISITION BY STATE
The Collector enquires into the objections (if any) which any person
interested may have made about the measurements and the value of
the land and then he/she makes an award of:
(i) the actual area of the land;
(ii) (ii) the compensation which in his/her opinion should be allowed for
the land; and
(iii) the apportionment of the compensation among all the relevant
persons. This is called 'Award' and it is final and conclusive.