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The Renaissance
1.
The Renaissance Era
~1425 - 1600 Period of recovery from the Middle Ages (also known as the “Dark Ages”) Arts and sciences were revived. French word for “rebirth” Age of humanism--intellectual and cultural movement that explored human interests and values through science, philosophy, literature, painting, sculpture, and music Listen to This 2-1 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
2.
Renaissance Music(1450-1600)
Humanism-union of pagan & Christian beliefs Emphasis on the human & nature vs the otherworldly & divine Affect on Fine Arts: Use of balance & order Individual achievement important Belief that all things were knowable with the right kind of study Listen to This 2-2 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
3.
The Renaissance Period
(1450-1600): Background A “rebirth” in Europe after the Plague (Italy, 1348) and the Hundred Years’ War (England vs. France, 1337-1453) Interest revived in Greek and Roman arts, philosophy, architecture, science, and mathematics The age of exploration: Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan. Rebirth of science: Nicolai Copernicus and Galileo Galilei. Listen to This 2-3 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
4.
The Renaissance Era
Background Economic growth, particularly in Italy and the Low Countries (i.e., modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands) New World “discovered” by Columbus in 1492. Kingdoms, duchies, city-states got bigger and richer. Ideal “Renaissance Man”--knowledge of a variety of arts and sciences Human reason and individuality became very important values. Movable type invented in mid-15th century. Music printing established by 1500. Listen to This 2-4 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
5.
Renaissance Artists
Botticelli Michelangelo Leonardo da Vinci Raphael Listen to This 2-5 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
6.
The Renaissance Era
Background Protestant Reformation--1517--Martin Luther nailed his list of complaints to the Church door; was the beginning of a large split in the Catholic church, called the “Reformation.” Counter-Reformation--attempts to hold onto the Catholic liturgy and doctrine in the face of Protestantism Listen to This 2-6 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
7.
The Renaissance Era
Music Composers brought words and music together in unity better than ever before. Sound was based on polyphony--equal voice parts. Most music had 3, 4, 5, or even 6 parts. Strong attention to text being sung, even when polyphonic melodies were complex Listen to This 2-7 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
8.
Renaissance Music
1450 Beginning of today’s voice arrangement Superius-soprano Altus-alto Tenor Bassus-bass Listen to This 2-8 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
9.
Musical Compositions
(Genres) of the Renaissance Masses: settings of the Ordinary of the Mass Polyphonic texture Madrigals: secular songs, originating in the Italian courts and spreading to other countries Secular songs about romantic love or nature Settings of sonnets or pious devotions Listen to This 2-9 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
10.
Musical Compositions
(Genres) of the Renaissance Motets: sacred or secular pieces in polyphonic style Each part had different words. One part in a secular motet was based on a chant in long notes: called the cantus firmus. Generally 3 parts during this period Listen to This 2-10 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
11.
Characteristics of
Renaissance Music Texture Primarily polyphonic Rhythm & Melody Each melodic line has greater rhythmic independence Scale with larger leaps vs. more step-wise movement Words & Music Vocal music more important than instrumental Word painting Listen to This 2-11 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
12.
Josquin des Prez
ca. 1450-1521 Born in Flanders(Belgium) Greatest composer of the early Renaissance Contemporary of da Vinci Known for chansons(French polyphonic songs) & motets Demanded high salary, changed jobs often Hired by Duke of Ferrara to be a composer for his court Other compositions: Missa Pange Lingua (a Mass) Missa La Sol Fa Re Mi (another Mass) Ave Maria. . . virgo serena Listen to This 2-12 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
13.
Ave Maria…Virgo serena
(Hail Mary…Serene Virgin); 1475 4-voice motet Latin prayer to the Holy Virgin Uses polyphonic repetition, overlapping of phrases Adapted melody from Gregorian chant, but rest of motet not based on chant Varies texture, imitation in upper voices Change from triple to duple meter Listen to This 2-13 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
14.
Josquin des Prez
• Quote from Martin Luther- “God has His Gospel preached also through the medium of music; this may be seen from the compositions of Josquin, all of whose works are cheerful, gentle, mild, and lovely; they flow and move along and are neither forced not coerced and bound by rigid and stringent rules, but, on the contrary, are like the song of the finch.” Listen to This 2-14 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
15.
Chaper 5: Josquin
des Prez--“The Cricket” Polyphonic--4 distinct voices, equally important Uses word painting--(e.g., long notes on words “hold a long line” and chirping sounds which imitate a cricket) Music written to a humorous poem; an attempt to enhance the spirit of the poetry Listen to This 2-15 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
16.
Josquin des Prez--“The
Cricket” Texture--4 distinct voices, equally important Soprano (highest range--usually female) Alto (second-highest range--usually female) Tenor (second-lowest range--male) Bass (lowest range--male) Voices move together rhythmically throughout most of the piece. Listen to This 2-16 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
17.
Josquin des Prez--“The
Cricket” Written in a style known as counterpoint. Every voice is a good melody rather than one melody with accompanying voices. Can be very intricate and complex. Comes from the Latin, contrapunctum, meaning “note-against-note.” In this recording, all 4 voices are male. The upper two voices are sung in falsetto. Written so it could be played on instruments OR sung. Typical in the Renaissance Period. Listen to This 2-17 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
18.
Josquin des Prez--“The
Cricket” Word painting is extensive throughout the piece. Long melisma among the 4 voices when the cricket sings of “love.” Form: Three parts, known as ternary form Described as ABA (B is a contrasting section to A) Each section has clearly distinctive music. Listen to This 2-18 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
19.
A Woodcut Image
of Josquin des Prez Listen to This 2-19 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
20.
Portrait of Martin
Luther by Lucas Cranach the Elder A theologian and a composer Wrote “A Mighty Fortress is Our God” A German monk who nailed a list of complaints against the Catholic Church on the door of a church in Wittenberg Listen to This 2-20 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
21.
The Reformation
1517 The Ninety-Five Theses Music for Congregational Participation Beginning of Lutheran Chorale with text & tune only Similar to today’s hymns Listen to This 2-21 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
22.
The Renaissance Period
(1450-1600): Background The power of the Catholic Church diminished, as new denominations sprung up. The Catholic Church launched a “Counterreformation” as a reaction to this. The most prominent composer of the Counterreformation was Palestrina. Listen to This 2-22 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
23.
The Counter-Reformation
Council of Trent Church felt threatened by Protestant Reformation Music under attack Had strayed from Chant Complaints about use of secular tunes Complicated polyphony making words hard to understand Noisy instruments, bad singers Music should be purged of “barbarism, obscurities, contrarieties, and superfluities” so that “House of God should be house of prayer.” Desiderius Erasmus Listen to This 2-23 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
24.
Giovanni Pierluigi da
Palestrina (1525-1594) Appointed Choirmaster of Capella Giulia, Vatican by Pope Julius III Published first book of Masses Dismissed from position after marrying Published first book of motets; 104 masses, approx. 450 other sacred works Returned to Vatican in 1571, two eldest sons & wife died Remarried, went into fur business, published 16 collections of music Died 1594 Listen to This 2-24 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
25.
Pope Marcellus Mass-
Kyrie, (1562-1563) Most famous mass Was thought to convince Council of Trent that polyphonic masses should be kept in Catholic worship; not true, but does reflect need of understanding text Dedicated to Pope Marcellus II Written for a capella choir Six voice parts Rich polyphonic texture, imitation Listen to This 2-25 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
26.
The Madrigal
Most popular form of secular music Originating in the Italian courts and spreading to other countries Similar to and different from motets Many found in the Squarcialupi Codex, showing uses for voices singing same text Written for small group of singers, imitative entrances of new text, singable vocal lines, more polyphonic Songs about romantic love or nature, chivalry, spinning Listen to This 2-26 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
27.
The Madrigal
Not limited by religious traditions More innovative musical ideas English madrigals popular Text in English Composers make lines tuneful & singable Not taken too seriously Listen to This 2-27 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
28.
Important Differences between
Motets & Madrigals Vernacular languages Deal with sentimental/erotic love Have stronger & more regular rhythm, faster tempo Sung at social gatherings of learned, artistic societies Popular among higher classes Written down & composed Contain text or word painting-music depicts word being sung Listen to This 2-28 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
29.
Thomas Weelkes
ca. 1575-1623 A professional An English musician with a composer who degree in music from lived during the New College, Oxford age of Organist at Chichester Shakespeare Cathedral-most During reigns musically productive of Elizabeth I years and James I Also wrote sacred Fascinated music with Italian Lost his job at the poetry and Cathedral in 1617 music, because of blasphemy including Italian and drunkenness madrigal Listen to This 2-29 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
30.
As Vesta Was
From Latmos Hill Descending The Triumphs of Oriana-anthology of madrigals composed in honor of Elizabeth I Vesta-Roman goddess of hearth & home Diana-goddess of the hunt, chastity, moon Text-Vesta comes down hill with attendants(Diana’s darlings); Oriana, “maiden queen,” climbs hill with shepherds; Vesta’s attendants leave to join her Listen to This 2-30 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
31.
As Vesta Was
From Latmos Hill Descending Major use of word painting – words like “ascending” & “descending” set with scales that move in said direction; as Vesta’s attendants leave to run down hill, appropriate number of singers mirror text- 3, 2, then 1; “Long” is longest note Rhythmic setting effective, contributes to expressiveness Listen to This 2-31 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
32.
Instrumental Music
Instruments often accompanied singing of secular music Players simplified written parts using chords Lute-Most popular instrument Instruments used exclusively for dance music Pavane, Galliard, ballade, rondeau Listen to This 2-32 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
33.
Instruments of the
Renaissance Dulcian Viol de gamba Harp/lyre Hirten Lizard Listen to This 2-33 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
34.
Instruments of the
Renaissance Lute Organet Psaltery Sackbut Serpent Listen to This 2-34 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
35.
Instruments of the
Renaissance Shawm Shofar Tenor viol Flute Tenor recorder Listen to This 2-35 By Mark Evan Bonds PRENTICE HALL ©2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
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