2. ïThe growth of city states in Greece lead to the
development of several political systems, including
democracy.
ïAll are governments
Monarchy = rule by king
Aristocracy = rule by nobility
Oligarchy = rule by group
Democracy = rule by citizens
Monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy are all ruled by
leaders
3. ïBy 750 B.C. the Greek city-state, or polis, is the
formal government.
ïA polis is a city and its surrounding villages; 50-500
square miles.
ïPopulation of a city-state is often less than 10,000.
ïCitizens gather in the marketplace and acropolisâa
fortified hilltop
4. ïGreek Political Structures
ï City-states have different forms of government.
ïMonarchy-rule by a king
ïAristocracy-rule by nobility
ïOligarchy-rule by a small group of powerful merchants and
artisans
5. ïTyrants Seize Power
ï Rulers and common people clash in many city-states.
ï Tyrantsânobles and wealthy citizens win support of
common people.
ï They seize control and rule in the interests of ordinary
people.
6. ïBuilding Democracy
ï About 621 B.C., democracyârule by the peopleâ
develops in Athens.
ï Nobleman, Draco, develops legal code based on
equality of citizens.
ï Ruler Solon abolishes debt slavery; Cleisthenes has
citizens make laws.
ï Only native-born, property-owning males are citizens.
7. ïAthenian Education
ï Schooling only for sons of wealthy families.
ï Girls learn from mothers and other female members of
the household.
8. ïA Unique City State
ï Sparta, isolated from much of Greece, builds a military
state.
ïSparta Dominates Messenians
ï Around 725 B.C., Sparta conquers Messenia
ï Messenians become helotsâpeasants forced to farm
the land.
ï Harsh rule leads to Messenian revolt; Spartans build a
stronger state.
9. ïSpartaâs Government and Society
ï Sparta government has four branches: citizens elect
officials
ï Three social classes:
ïCitizens
ïFree non-citizens
ïHelots--slaves
10. ïSpartan Daily Life
ï Spartan values: duty, strength, individuality, discipline over
freedom.
ï Sparta has the most powerful army in Greece
ï Males move into barracks at age 7, train until 30, serve until
60.
ï Girls receive some military training and live hard lives
ï Girls are also taught to value service to Sparta above all else
11. ï âCertainly, by the time he
finished the agoge [training
period], a young man would
know for sure whether he
had been marked out for
future greatness. To the
most promising graduates
was granted the honor of
one final bloody challenge.â
(p. 85)
12. ïâEnrolled into a crack squad known as the Crypteia,
they would be sent into the mountains, armed only
with a single dagger each, and ordered to live off the
land. This period of exile from their city, however, was
much more than a mere endurance test.â
13. ïâTraveling alone, each member of the Crypteia would
inevitably cross the Taygetos range and slip into
Messenia. There, advancing soundlessly by night, as
every graduate of the agoge had been trained to do,
they would be expected to prove themselves as
killers.â
14. ïâHow else, after all, save by the careful pruning of the
most able Messenians, could the Spartans hope to
breed natural serfs? Just as they condemned to the
Apothetae the dregs of their own city, so they aimed
to extinguish any spark of talent or rebellion in their
slaves. Only the truly servile could be permitted to
reproduce.â (p. 86)
15. ïâVisions of female flesh, oiled and tanned, glistened
in the imaginings of many a Sparta-watcher. The
Spartans themselves, sensitive to the mockery that
labeled their daughters âthigh-flashers,â would retort
sternly, âthat there was nothing shameful about
female nudity, nothing immoral in the slightest.â In
fact, âsince it encouraged a sense of sobriety, and a
passion for physical fitness,â precisely the opposite.â
16. ïâYet paramount though the requirements of
Spartaâs eugenic program undoubtedly were, an
aura of the erotic still clung to the training grounds
nevertheless. The fertility of a future mother was
best gauged, a Spartan might argue, by the glowing
of her skin and the perfection of her [body].
Physical beautyâthe long blond hair and elegant
ankles for which Spartan girls were celebratedâ
provided the readiest measure by which moral
beauty too could be judged. An ugly daughter,
inevitably, would cause her parents alarm and
distress.â (p. 83)
17. ïâFor it was the goal of instructors not merely to crush
a boyâs individuality, but to push him to startling
extremes of endurance, discipline and impassivity, so
that he might prove himself, supremely, as a being
reforged of iron.â (p. 84)
18. ïâWhen, at the age of seven, a young Spartan left his
home to live communally with other boys, it was
more than his sense of family that was being fractured
and reset: the very notion that he possessed a private
identity was, from that moment on, to be placed
under continuous assault.â (p. 84)
19. ïA New Kind of Army Emerges
ï Cheaper iron replaces bronze, making arms and armor
cheaper
ï Leads to new kind of army; includes soldiers from all
classes
ï Phalanxâfeared by all, formation of soldiers with
spears, shields
20.
21.
22.
23. ïBattle of Marathon
ï Persian Warsâbetween Greece and the Persian Empire
âbegin in Ionia
ï Persian Army attacks Athens, is defeated at Marathon
in 490 B.C.
ïPheidippides Brings News
ï Runner Pheidippides races to Athens to announce
Greek victory.
24. ïThermopylae and Salamis
ï In 480 B.C. Persians launch a new invasion of Greece.
ï Greeks are divided; many stay neutral or side with Persians.
ï Greek forces hold Thermopylae for three days before
retreating.
ï Athenians defeat Persians at sea, near island of Salamis.
ï Victories at Salamis and Plataea force Persian retreat.
ï Many city-states form Delian League and continue to fight
Persians.
25. ïConsequences of the Persian Wars
ï New self-confidence in Greece due to victory.
ï Athens emerges as leader of Delian League.
ï Athens controls the league by using force against
opponents.
ï League members essentially become provinces of
Athenian empire.
ï Stage is set for a dazzling burst of creativity in Athens.