5. Learning The modification through experience of
preexisting behavior and understanding
Habituation The process of adapting to stimuli that do
not change.
Dishabituation The reappearance of your original
response when a stimulus changes
Sensitization Increase in responsiveness to a stimuli
10. Generalization and
Discrimination
• Stimulus Generalization: A phenomenon in which a conditioned
response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to
the conditioned stimulus
• Stimulus Discrimination: A process through which individuals learn
to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to
each one
13. Garcia and Koelling (1966) Study
NS UCS Learned (CR)
Food, Light, & Clicker Shock Avoid Light (CS) and
Clicker (CS)
Food, Light, & Clicker Radiation (nausea) Avoid Food (CS)
• Biological preparedness: tendency of animals to learn
certain associations, such as taste and nausea with
only a few pairings due to the survival value of the
learning.
• Disproved Pavlov’s ideas concerning one trial learning,
close temporal proximity, & equipotentiality.
14. Learned Taste Aversions
• A.k.a The Garcia Effect
• When it comes to food being
paired with sickness, the
conditioning is incredible strong.
• Even when food and sickness are
hours apart.
• Food must be salient (noticeable.)
Are there any foods that you cannot eat or could
not eat at one time due to food poisoning or
some other sickness that you had at the time?
15. Aversion Therapy
• A form of behavior therapy in which an aversive
(causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust)
stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior
in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.
• Unpleasant sensations are associated with
behavior, and behavior decreases or stops.
• Differs from principles of operant conditioning.
• In operant therapy, the aversive stimulus, usually
called punishment, is presented after the behavior
rather than together with it.
19. Edward Thorndike’s Puzzle Box
Law of Effect: If an action is followed by a pleasurable
consequence , it will be repeated, and if followed by an
unpleasant consequence, it will not be repeated.
Instrumental Conditioning: Responses are strengthened when
they are instrumental in producing a reward
32. Vocabulary
• Latent learning
• Cognitive Map (Mental Map)
• Insight
• Learned Helplessness
• Observational Learning
• Albert Bandura
• Edward Tolman
• Wolfgang Kohler
• Martin Seligman
33. Cognitive Maps and Latent Learning
• Edward Tolman’s Maze Study
• Latent Learning: learning that remains hidden until its
application becomes useful
• Challenged Skinner’s Theory (How?)
• Cognitive/Mental Maps: Mental representations people
rely on to understand complex patters.
• Examples???
34. Kohler’s Insight Learning
• How were the
chimpanzees able to
demonstrate insight?
• Insight: a sudden
“coming together” of all
elements of a problem
in a kin of “aha”
moment
• Example of insight
learning
35. Seligman’s Learned Helplessness
• Martin Seligman’s (founder of positive psychology)
• Dog Study: Original intent was to study escape or
avoidance learning
• Related it to Depression
Definition: Failure to continue
exerting effort for an outcome
because all previous attempts
have failed
36. Albert Bandura and
Observational Learning
Observational Learning: learning new behavior by
watching a model perform that behavior
Modeled: imitated the behavior that was observed
37. Cognitive Differences: Humans and
Chimpanzees
According to the video, how does the learning behavior
differ between human children and chimpanzees?