1. Formulas and Functions
Lecture 14
Zikria Mian

2. Formulas
• A formula can consist of
– Mathematical and logical operators
– Cell references
– Values and text
– Worksheet functions*

3. Formulas (continued)
• Operators (and their precedence) in Excel
• ^ (Exponentiation)
• * (Multiplication)
• / (Division)
• + (Addition)
• - (Subtraction)
• & (Concatenation)
• = (Equals to)
• < (Less than)
• > (Greater than)
– Parentheses can be used to override precedence

4. Formulas (continued)
• Examples
=“CS101” & “Section E”
=A1&A2
=2^6
=A1<A2
=A1<=A2
=(A1+200)*A2

5. Formulas (continued)
• Parentheses
=(B2-B3)*B4
=B2-B3*B4
=B2-(B3*B4)
*Excel helps you to match parentheses

6. Functions
• Microsoft Excel provides an extensive list
of Functions for assistance in formulas
• Examples
• Average
• Max
• Sum
• Today
• If Function

7. Functions (continued)
• Methods to enter formulas into worksheet
– Manually
– By Pointing
– By pasting range names
– By inserting functions into formulas

8. Cell Referencing
• Cell referencing can be
– Relative
– Absolute
– Mixed
• Referencing from outside worksheet
• Referencing from outside workbook

9. Summary
• Formulas
– Precedence and effect of parentheses
• Functions
– Types, how to enter functions
• Cell referencing

10. Summary
• Formulas
– Precedence and effect of parentheses
• Functions
– Types, how to enter functions
• Cell referencing