1. The process of Genetic Engineering
in Detail
Andrea Reina Gutiérrez
Esperanza Ródenas Perea

2.  Genetic Engineering is a branch of Molecular Biology that allows us
to manipulate the genome of a living being.
1. To eliminate harmful genes
Purposes 2. To introduce healthy genes
3. Modifying genes.
Most used: Recombinant DNA (rDNA) To clone an specific gene.
Plasmid
 Concepts Occurs in bacteria.
Piece of circular,
double stranded DNA.
Easy to extract them.
Useful in genetics.
Restricion enzymes Palindrome
(endonuclease or EnRes) Found in proteins.
A sequence of double helix DNA if
Found in bacteria.
it
They destroy the DNA of
is equal to its complementary
the virus that try to parasitise them
sequence
by cutting the DNA following some
read backwards.
palindromic sequences.
6-12 Sticky ends
pairs of bases.

3. There are four main steps through which
genetic engineering is accomplished:
1. Location and isolation of the genes of interest:
Gene-splicing techniques Cuts the DNA into small fragments. (Use of
restriction enzymes. )
The human genome is formed by 46 chromosomes. We use EnRes.
In one of the small pieces we will find the gene we want to clone.
2. Insertion of the genes into a cloning vector:
Bacteria plasmid
EnRes cuts it.
Plasmid enters in contact with the pieces of our genomes.
Circle of recombinant DNA is formed.
Human genome fills the space created where the plasmid bacteria ring was
opened.
Recombinant plasmid Bacteria. Colony  One bacteria that
have received the plasmid containing the insulin gene.
Gene cloning. (The host cell with the cloning vector is made to

4. 3. Localizing the descendants of the host cell that contain the
genes of interest and detection of the colony that contains the
gene of interest:
Biochemical tests Detects the presence of insulin and
the corresponding bacteria.
OR
Hybridization of nucleic acids Manufacturing a complementary
radioactive nucleic acid to the genes of insulin. (It will hybridize with the gene
locating the bacteria.)
4. Cloning:
We collect these bacteria and grow them in a culture medium.
In 24 hours we will have thousands of millions of bacteria.