1. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW OF THE UNITED
STATES: BILL OF RIGHTS
The first 10 Amendments to the United States Constitution were introduced by James Madison as a series of
legislative articles and came into effect as Constitutional Amendments following the process of ratification by
¾ of the states on December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights is the collective name for the first ten Amendments of
the United States Constitution.
1 ST AMENDMENT:
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1 Amendment protects the right to freedom of religion and freedom of expression from government
interference. First Amendment of the United States consists of the rights to freedom of speech, press,
assembly and petition the government for a redress of grievances.
2 ND AMENDMENT:

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2 amendment is a part of the Bill of Rights, which are the first 10 Amendments to the United States
Constitution. The second Amendments to the United States protect the right to the individual to keep and bear
firearms. 2nd Amendment in detail
3 RD AMENDMENT:
Third Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits, during times of peace, the quartering of soldiers
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on private property and in private homes without the consent of the owner. The 3 Amendments makes the
quartering of soldiers permissible only in times of conflict or war and only according to the area’s particular
laws.
4 TH AMENDMENT:
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4 Amendment to the United States Constitution guards against the government’s ability to conduct
unreasonable search and seizures. The fourth Amendment specifically requires a law enforcement agency to
possess judicially sanctioned search and arrest warrants, which are supported by probable clause, to be
administered before a person’s property can be inspected.
The individual’s property may be searched and seized if, the individual in on parole or in a tax hearing , faces
deportation, the evidence is seized from a common carrier, the evidence collected by United States Agents,
the evidence is seized by probation officers, the evidence is seized outside of the United States, or probable
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cause is evident. 4 Amendment in detail
5 TH AMENDMENT:
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5 Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the
land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any
person be subject for the same crime to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; not shall be compelled in any
criminal case to be a witness against himself , nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without process of
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law, nor shall be private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 5 Amendment in detail
6 TH AMENDMENT:
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6 Amendment to United States Constitution provides the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be confronted with the witnesses against him, and to
have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense
7 TH AMENDMENT:

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7 amendment to the United States Constitution, codifies to the right to the jury trial in certain civil cases, and
asserts that cases may not be re-examined by another court.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved, and no fact trial by jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common law.
8 TH AMENDMENT:
Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution is also the part of United States Bill of Rights prohibiting
the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments. The
United States Court has ruled that this amendment’s cruel and unusual punishment clause applies to the
states.
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The 8 Amendment was attached to the Bill of Rights in 1791. The Amendment serves as almost an exact
replica to a provision within the English Bill of Rights of 1689.
9 TH AMENDMENT:
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9 Amendment to the United States Constitution, addresses rights of the people that are not specifically
enumerated in the Constitution. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed
to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The ninth Amendment is regarded by the court system of the United States as negating any expansion of
government authority on account of the rights expressed in the United States Constitution. That being said,
the amendment is not regarded as further limiting governmental power.
10 TH AMENDMENT:
The Tenth Amendment states the Constitution’s principle of federalism by providing that powers not granted
federal government nor prohibited to the states by the Constitution are reserved to the States or the people.
The tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation: each state retains its
sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this
Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
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The 10 Amendment is often cited and exercised for state laws concerning the use of medicinal marijuana,
firearms, state taxes, other laws which are unique based on individual state law.
CONCLUSION
We should be aware of our Constitutional law. Constitutional law provides us fundamental rights, Bill of Rights.

4. Resources: http://constitution.laws.com/2nd-amendment 2nd Amendment
http://constitution.laws.com/4th-amendment 4th Amendment
http://constitution.laws.com/5th-amendment 5th Amendment
Law word Meaning
seizures The action of capturing someone or something using force
Amendment A change or addition to a legal or statutory document.
provisions The action of providing or supplying something for use. A clause in a legal istrument, law etc.
infringement violation: an act that disregards an agreement or a right
violate Break or fail to comply with (a rule or formal agreement).
abrupt Sudden and unexpected.
Ratification making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it
Article or clause A particular item or object, typically one of a specified type: "small household articles
tyrannous oppressive: marked by unjust severity or arbitrary behaviour; "the oppressive government"; "
quartering The provision of accommodations or lodgings, esp. for troops.
sanctioned Give official permission or approval for (an action).
prosecution The party instituting or conducting legal proceedings against someone in a lawsuit.
witness A person who sees an event, typically a crime or accident, take place.
Accused A person or group of people who are charged with or on trial for a crime.
institute A society or organization having a particular object or common factor, esp. a scientific, educat
defense The action of defending from or resisting attack.
verdict An opinion or judgment.
opine Hold and state as one's opinion: "“The man is a genius,” he opined
enumerated Mention (a number of things) one by one
.Date:August,31 2012
PDF Prepared by MrDutt