1. Treatment of Psychological Disorders:1
• Learning Goals:
• What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic
therapy?
• What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy, such as Roger’s client-centered therapy?
• What are the assumptions and techniques of behavioral therapies?
• What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies?
1
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2. From Brutal to Humane Treatments
• In the 1800’s,
• Philippe Pinel
• Dorothea Dix
• helped restructure mental
institutions from brutal
asylums to humane
hospitals that operate in
the medical model.
2

3. Therapy Methods Overview
• Two Basic Types of Therapy
1. Psychotherapy
1. Any type of therapy that involves talking
2. Examples: Psychodynamic or Cognitive
2. Biomedical Therapy
1. Any type of therapy that involves medication or medical procedures
2. Examples: Antidepressants or Prefrontal Lobotomy
* Today most psychologists practice Eclectic therapy, which combines
different methods of various types of therapies
3

4. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Therapies
• Psychoanalysis (Sigmund Freud)
– Seeks to explore the unconscious mind of the patient, so
they may gain a better understanding of their problems.
– Assumes most disorders stem from repressed impulses and
conflicts the originated from their childhood experiences.
4

5. Psychoanalysis Methods
These methods were used to get into a person’s
unconscious mind:
– Free Association: Saying what ever comes to mind while
relaxed
– Resistance: patient abruptly ends the free association
session (headache or stuttering)
– Transference: projects feelings onto therapist (attends to
positive and negative feelings towards the client)
– Countertransference: therapist projects feelings onto
the client
– Hypnosis: Alternative way to enter the unconscious
mind
– Dream interpretation: Manifest vs. Latent Content
5
Sigmund Freud

6. Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Therapies
• Psychodynamic Therapy
– A short, more modern version of Psychoanalysis
– Interpersonal psychotherapy is a sub-version of
psychodynamic therapy that focuses on gaining insight to
problems while relieving the symptoms.
• Psychoanalysis is still used, although rarely because:
1. Very time consuming
2. Very expensive
6

7. Humanistic Therapy
• Psychoanalysis and humanistic therapies are referred
to as Insight therapies , which attempt to improve
psychological functioning by increasing the client’s
awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
• Humanistic therapies differ from Psychoanalysis by:
– Exploring the present and future more than the past.
– Developing conscious thoughts, not unconscious
awareness
– Taking responsibility for their own feelings
– Assumes that the person is striving to reach their full
potential and while experiencing mental growth
– Empowers the client, giving them control over the therapy
sessions (opposite of psychoanalysis)
7

8. Humanistic Therapy
• Client/Person-Centered Therapy was created by Carl
Rogers
• Therapist exhibits genuineness, acceptance and
empathy
• Nondirective therapy - where the client is in control
8
Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)
Investigates a person’s perception of
reality and Looks at body language of
people

9. Humanistic Therapy
• Humanistic Techniques:
– Active Listening
• Paraphrasing what the client says to show
understanding
– Unconditional Positive Regard
• Nonjudgmental when the client speaks
9
In his nondirective client-centered therapy, Rogers used active listening to express
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. This technique, he believed, would help clients to
increase their self-awareness and self-acceptance. The therapist interrupts only to restate
and confirm the client’s feelings, to accept what the client is expressing, or to seek
clarification. The client-centered counselor seeks to provide a psychological mirror that
helps clients see themselves more clearly. In a therapeutic environment that provides
unconditional positive regard, clients may come to accept even their worst traits and feel
valued and whole.

10. Behavior Therapies
• Therapy that applies learning principles to the
elimination of unwanted behaviors.
•The behaviors are the problems- so we must
change the behaviors.

11. Behavioral Therapies
• Classical Conditioning Methods
– Derived from the principles of Ivan Pavlov's early
experiments in conditioning.
– Mowrer’s bell and pad method helped children learn to
stop wetting the bed through classical conditioning.
– Counterconditioning
– Examples:
• Exposure therapy, Systematic Desensitization &
Aversive therapy
• Seek to stop an unwanted responses
11

12. Behavioral Therapies
• Mary Cover Jones
– A Student of John B. Watson’s
– Researched learned phobias
– Famous experiment: “Peter and the
Rabbit”
– Peter was afraid of rabbits, but she
would have Peter eat a food he found
pleasurable and slowly bring the rabbit
closer to him at the same time.
Eventually Peter became less afraid of
the rabbit through Mary’s process of
counterconditioning.
12

13. Behavioral Therapies
• Types of Exposure Therapies
• Flooding
– Doing it over and Over again until you
are no longer afraid (i.e. riding a
rollercoaster)
• Systematic Desensitization
– Created by Joseph Wolpe
– Looks at hierarchies of fears
– Slowly pair relaxation with fears
– Example: Reduce fear of specific animal
or social phobia slowly
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(Classical Conditioning)

14. Systematic Desensitization: Fear of Heights
14
• Step 1: Teach Relaxation
Technique
(Breathing/Visualization)
• Step 2: Write the word height
and relax
• Step 3: Enter bottom floor of
tall building and relax
• Step 4: Progress to a higher
floor and relax
• Step 5: Progress to an even
higher floor and relax

15. Behavioral Therapies
• Aversive Therapies
(Classical Conditioning)
• A type of
counterconditioning that
associates an unpleasant
state with an unwanted
behavior. With this
technique, temporary
conditioned aversion to
alcohol has been
reported.
15

16. Behavioral Therapies
• Operant Conditioning Methods
– Behavior Modification Techniques
• Token Economy (positive
reinforcement)
– Earn coins or tokens that can be
traded in for rewards later
– Works well with kids, those with
low IQs, jail inmates or mental
hospital patients
• Critics to behavior modification argue:
– Is it right to control another’s
behavior?
– What happens when the reinforcers
stop?
16

17. Cognitive Therapy Methods
• Cognitive Therapy involves
changing the way a person
thinks to change their
behavior.
• Can be completed in a short
amount of time
• Most effective for patients
suffering depression
(feeling worthlessness and
hopelessness)
17
Dr. Phil practices cognitive therapy

18. Cognitive Therapy Methods
• Two Main Types
– Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
• Through gentle questioning, Beck seeks to reveal irrational
thoughts and persuade people to think differently about
negative events
• Seeks to change Attribution Style and Negative Thinking
• Example “Why are you thinking that way?”
• Stop catastrophizing everything
– Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy
• Uses ABC strategy to change thinking
• Seeks to change not just thinking, but life philosophy
18

19. 19
Stress Inoculation Training
Meichenbaum (1977, 1985) trained
people to restructure their thinking in
stressful situations.
“Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be
hard for everyone else too. I studied harder
than most people. Besides, I don’t need a
perfect score to get a good grade.”

20. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
• CBT seeks to:
1. Make people aware of their irrational thinking
2. Replace negative thinking with rational or positive thoughts
3. Practice the new thoughts/behaviors in everyday life
• Useful for people suffering from depression and anxiety
20

21. • What are the aims and methods of psychoanalysis and how have they been
adapted in psychodynamic therapy?
• What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy, such as Roger’s client-centered
therapy?
• What are the assumptions and techniques of behavioral therapies?
• What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies?
21
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach someone
else about the characteristics of psychotherapeutic
intervention and can analyze the majority of treatment
orientations used in therapy
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can analyze the characteristics of psychotherapeutic
intervention and can analyze the majority of treatment
orientations used in therapy
2.0
Developing
I can explain some of the characteristic of
psychotherapeutic intervention and can describe some
of the treatments orientations used in therapy but I
need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in level 2.

22. Treatment of Psychological Disorders: 2
• Learning Goals:
• Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?
• Are some therapies more effective than others?
• How do alternative therapies (light exposure & EMDR) fare under scientific scrutiny?
• What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
22
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach
someone else about different treatment
formats, summarize their effectiveness, and
discuss the ethic context that influences
treatment choice.
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can compare and contrast different
treatment formats, summarize their
effectiveness, and discuss the ethic context
that influences treatment choice.
2.0
Developing
I can explain different treatment formats,
summarize their effectiveness, and discuss the
ethic context that influences treatment choice
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0 I need more prompting and/or support to

23. 23
The Relative Effectiveness of
Different Therapies
Which psychotherapy would be most effective
for treating a particular problem?
Disorder Therapy
Depression Behavior, Cognition, Interpersonal
Anxiety Cognition, Exposure, Stress Inoculation
Bulimia Cognitive-behavior
Phobia Behavior
Bed Wetting Behavior Modification

24. Family, Group & Encounter Therapy
• Family
– Assumes that no person is an island
– Helps family members with coping strategies
– Seeks to find if others in the family are
contributing to the problem.
• Self-Help Groups
– People with the same disorders meet weekly
– Allow people to talk about their struggles
and take advantage of others’ coping tips
– 12-step program by Alcoholics Anonymous
• Encounter Groups
– People with different disorders meet weekly
– Shows that people are not alone
24

25. Other Therapy Considerations
• Meta-Analysis
– A statistical procedure combining the results of
various studies
25

26. Other Therapy Considerations
• Placebo Effect
– The belief that the mere expectation of the therapy or
medication will work, so the person feels better
• A Focus on Prevention
– National, psychology is switching from treating disorders to
preventing disorders before they start
26

27. Modern Alternative Therapies
• EMDR
– Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
– Used to Treat PTSD and Depression
– The client recalls a bad memory while moving eyes back and
forth while following finger or light bar
27
Many scientists say that any
success of EMDR is nothing
more than placebo effect
combined with exposure
therapy after telling the
traumatic story over and over
again in a safe environment.

28. Modern Alternative Therapies
• Light Exposure Therapy
– Clients use special lights 30 minutes a day to simulate the sun
and reset circadian rhythms.
– Used to treat Seasonal Affective Disorder
(A type of depression associated with wintertime)
28

29. 29
Commonalities Among Psychotherapies
Three commonalities shared by all forms of
psychotherapies are the following:
1. A hope for demoralized
people.
2. A new perspective.
3. An empathic, trusting
and caring relationship.
©MaryKateDenny/PhotoEdit,Inc.

30. 30
Therapists & Their Training
Clinical psychologists: They have PhDs mostly.
They are experts in research, assessment, and
therapy, all of which is verified through a
supervised internship.
Clinical or Psychiatric Social Worker: They have a Masters of
Social Work. Postgraduate supervision prepares some social
workers to offer psychotherapy, mostly to people with
everyday personal and family problems.

31. 31
Therapists & Their Training
Counselors: Pastoral counselors or abuse counselors
work with problems arising from family relations,
spouse and child abusers and their victims, and
substance abusers.
Psychiatrists: They are physicians who specialize in the
treatment of psychological disorders. Not all psychiatrists
have extensive training in psychotherapy, but as MDs they
can prescribe medications.

32. • Does psychotherapy work? Who decides?
• Are some therapies more effective than others?
• How do alternative therapies (light exposure & EMDR) fare under scientific scrutiny?
• What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy?
32
Rating Student Evidence
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Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach
someone else about different treatment
formats, summarize their effectiveness, and
discuss the ethic context that influences
treatment choice.
★ 3.0 ★
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I can compare and contrast different
treatment formats, summarize their
effectiveness, and discuss the ethic context
that influences treatment choice.
2.0
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I can explain different treatment formats,
summarize their effectiveness, and discuss the
ethic context that influences treatment choice
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0
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I need more prompting and/or support to
identify the concepts stated in level 2.

33. Treatment of Psychological Disorders: 3
• Learning Goals:
• How do culture and values influence the therapist-client relationship?
• What are the drug therapies? What criticisms have been leveled against drug therapies?
• How effective is electroconvulsive therapy, and what other brain-stimulation options may offer
relief from severe depression?
• What is psychosurgery?
33
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach someone
else about the prevention strategies that build
resilience and promote competence, and identify
some of the major figures in psychological treatment
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can analyze the characteristics of the prevention
strategies that build resilience and promote
competence, and identify some of the major figures in
psychological treatment
2.0
Developing
I can explain some of the prevention strategies that
build resilience and promote competence, and identify
some of the major figures in psychological treatment
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0 I need more prompting and/or support to identify the

34. Culture and Values in Therapy
• For better therapeutic results, clients and their
therapists should be matched on their culture
and religious values that they have in common
– Example: Asian-Americans should be matched with a
collectivistic therapists, whereas Western Europeans
should be matched with individualistic therapists
• Clients will sometimes take on the values of their
therapists
34

35. Drug Therapies
• Deinstitutionalization of the 1950s
– New prescription drugs allowed people to be
released from mental hospitals
35

36. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Antipsychotics/Neuroleptics
– Treats Schizophrenia by blocking dopamine, henceforth
decreasing hallucinations
– Example: Thorazine (Chlorpromazine), Clozapine
– One major side effect of the D2-Neuroleptics after long-
term use is Tardive Dyskinesia which results in involuntary
muscle control of the face.
36

37. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Antianxiety Meds
–Treats Anxiety by depressing
the central nervous system
–Sometimes called Tranquilizers,
Benzodiazepines
–Increases neurotransmitter
GABA to reduce anxiety
–NEWER DRUG: D-cycloserine
helps with PTSD and OCD
–Typical Examples: Xanax,
Valium, Ativan
37

38. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Antidepressants
– Treats Depression and Some
Anxiety
– SSRIs, MAOIs, Tricyclic
– Works on elevating levels of
serotonin
– Examples: Paxil, Prozac,
Lexapro, Zoloft
– Aerobic exercise has been
shown to be just as effective as
antidepressant drugs in some
cases
38

39. 39
SSRIs blocks the
reabsorption of
serotonin in order
to boost mood and
arousal.
Preventing Reuptake Helps Lessen Depression

40. Biomedical: Psychopharmacology
• Mood-Stabilizers
–Treats Affective/Mood
Disorders like bipolar
– Examples: Lithium-Salt,
Depakote (anti-convulsive
medication)
40

41. Biomedical: Other Treatments
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
– Puts major electroshocks into clients
head while they are sedated
– Treats Depression that doesn’t
respond to drugs
– We think it helps by either resetting
cells or creating new brain cells
– Side Effect: Short-term memory
loss.
41

42. Biomedical: Other Treatments
• Repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
– Sometimes referred to as deep brain stimulation
– Treats the disorder of Depression
42
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
is performed on wide-awake patients. Magnetic
energy penetrates only to the brain’s surface
(although tests are under way with a higher energy
field that penetrates more deeply). Unlike ECT, the
rTMS procedure produces no seizures, memory loss,
or other side effects. Several recent studies have
confirmed its therapeutic effect. Deep brain
stimulation has shown potential in calming a brain
area that appears active in people who are depressed
or sad.

43. Biomedical: Other Treatments
• Deep-brain stimulation
– Implanting a pacemaker in the brain that stimulates
inhibitory neurons to reduce depression, Parkinson's
tremors or OCD thoughts.
43

44. Biomedical: Other Treatments
• Prefrontal Lobotomy (Developed by Moniz and Freeman)
– Surgically removes part of the frontal lobe
– Treats violent schizophrenia that doesn’t respond to drugs
44

45. Comparing Biomedical
Therapies

46. • How do culture and values influence the therapist-client relationship?
• What are the drug therapies? What criticisms have been leveled against
drug therapies?
• How effective is electroconvulsive therapy, and what other brain-
stimulation options may offer relief from severe depression?
• What is psychosurgery?
46
Rating Student Evidence
4.0
Expert
I can successfully answer level 3 AND teach someone
else about the prevention strategies that build
resilience and promote competence, and identify
some of the major figures in psychological treatment
★ 3.0 ★
Proficient
I can analyze the characteristics of the prevention
strategies that build resilience and promote
competence, and identify some of the major figures in
psychological treatment
2.0
Developing
I can explain some of the prevention strategies that
build resilience and promote competence, and identify
some of the major figures in psychological treatment
but I need more time to hit a 3.0
1.0
Beginning
I need more prompting and/or support to identify the
concepts stated in level 2.