Class 11th Physical Education Classes by Mahendra Rajak

1. Fundamentals of
Anatomy
and
Physiology
and
kinesiology in Sports
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
CLASS 11
MAHENDRA RAJAK
(TGT P&HE)
KV MAHABUBNAGAR
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2. KEY POINTS :-
 Definition of Anatomy, Physiology and its importance
 Functions of skeleton system, classification of bones and types of joints
 Properties and Functions of muscles
 Function and structure of Respiratory system and circulatory system
 Equilibrium Dynamic and Static, center of Gravity and its application in sports.
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3. Definition of Anatomy
Definition of Physiology
 Anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs
and tissues.
 for example, the study of structure of heart is known as Anatomy of heart.
 The working of all the systems of human body and their mutual relationship are studied.
For example, the functioning of heart is known as Physiology of heart.
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4. Importance Of Anatomy & Physiology
 The knowledge of structure of organs: We get the knowledge of structure, shape, size, location &
weight of all the systems of body for example, length of the bones & percentage of white / red fibers.
 The knowledge of functions of organs: Through the physiology, we get to know the function of
nervous, excretory & circulatory systems for example, capacities of cardiovascular system.
 Prevention of injuries: Through the complete knowledge of anatomy & physiology, the sports person
will prevent themselves from various injuries during sports training and competition.
 Helpful in process of Rehabilitation: The process of helping a person who has suffered as illness or
injury to restore lost skill and regain maximum self sufficiency.
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5. Importance Of Anatomy & Physiology
 Helpful in providing first aid: Due to sports injuries, a first aider should have the knowledge of the
human anatomy & physiology only then first aid can be provided to the wounded persons.
 Techniques and skills: While teaching different techniques & skills the structure and function of
various systems are studied in detail.
 Helpful in the preparation of Training programs: Good training programs can only be prepared if
coaches basic knowledge of physiological capacities or limits of every sports persons.
 Evaluation of capacity of athlete: It can be done with the knowledge anatomy of physiology, to
judge the vital capacity of respiratory system.
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7. Skeleton System
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8. Skeleton System
 This is the bony frame work of body consisting of numbers of bones.
 Total bones in human body are 206.
Carpal,
Sesamaid bones
(eg. Knee, Hand,
Foot)
to the body
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9. Functions Of Bones
 Support: Bones a given support and stability to the whole body.
 Protection: Bones protect some soft and delicate organs of our body e.g. brain is protected by skull and
the heart is protected by ribs.
 Giving shape to the body: Bones give shape to the body. A person’s height depends on bones.
 Movement: Bodily movement is carried out by the interaction of the muscular & skeletal system. The
bones act as levers to make body possible to move.
 Formation of RBC: RBC’s build in the marrow of bones an average of 2.6 million.
 Storage of minerals: There are such bones that provide minerals such as calcium & phosphorus to the
body which is very useful.
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10. Classification Of Skeletal System
 Long Bones
 These work as long as wide and they work as levers.
 These are situated in upper and lower limbs as shoulders, hands, hips and legs.
 Femur is the longest bone in the body.
 Short Bones
 The bones are short and cubed shaped.
 These are found in wrist and ankle.
 Flat Bones
 Flat bones have broad surfaces that protect the organs.
 These are found in upper limbs as skull & ribs.
 Irregular Bones
 These bones have some special shape.
 They are 26 irregular bones which are found in spines.
 Sesamoid bones:
 These bones are seed like shaped and developed in the tendons where there is more friction.
 Example: palms of hands, sole of feet and knee caps,
 Suture bones: They are situated in Suture points in the skull.
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11. Joints
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12. Classification Of Joints:
 Immovable Joints
 These are also known as fixed joints because they are joined together through tissues and
 No movement is possible
 They are found in skull and face.
 Slightly Movable Joints
 In these bones, the surfaces of bones are separated by some intervening substances.
 Only slightly movement is possible.
 They are found in spine and also known as cartilaginous joints because they are joined by
cartilage.
 Freely Movement Joints
 They are also known as synovial joints because each contains synovial fluid which helps in
decreasing friction among joining of bones.
 They can move to a greater extent.
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13. Freely Movement Joints
 Ball and socket joint: These joints are formed in which the rounded head of one bone fits into the
hollow of cup-shaped socket of another bone such as Shoulder and Hip joint.
 Gliding joint: It allows for gliding movements between flat surfaces as the surfaces slide over one another
and the movement depends on the ligaments such as joints of wrist (Carpal Bones) & the ankle (Tarsal
Bones).
 Hinge joint: In hinge joint one end of the joining bone is concave and the other is convex shaped. They
joined in a way that the movement is possible in one plane. It is found in elbow joint.
 Pivot joint: The movement is restricted to rotational only and one bones turns around on another bone. It
is found in neck.
 Condyloid joint: It is similar to hinge joint but it moves in two planes. It is found in wrist.
 Saddle joint: The joining bones of this types of joint has opposing ends as concavo-convex that permit
movements in all directions except axial rotation. It is found in thumb.
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14. 14
Freely Movement Joints

15. Muscular System
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16. Definition of Muscle
Muscle is the tissue composed of fibers capable to effect bodily movement or muscle is the body tissue
that can contract to produce movement.
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17. Type of Muscle 17

18. Properties Of Muscles
 Contractility
 The quality or capability of muscles to forcefully shrinking or shorten.
 Muscles carry out one highly specialized function that is known as contraction.
 Actin and myosin filaments are structure to produce muscular contraction.
 Excitability
 The property of a muscle fiber is excitability that enables the muscles to respond to any kind of
stimulation.
 The ability of a nerve or muscle cell to react to an electric stimulus is known as muscular
excitability.
 Extensibility
 It is the ability of the muscle to stretch maximally without tearing from normal resting length and
beyond to a limited degree.
 Elasticity
 It means that if muscles are extended, they shrink to their original resting length.
 The ability of a nerve or muscle cell to react to an electric stimulus is known as muscular
excitability
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19. Functions Of Muscles
 Skeletal Muscles Create Movement: For all the larger of smaller movements, the central nervous
system directs the muscles to contract and relax according to the need of the situation.
 Maintains Good Posture: To keep the body in correct posture the muscles are attached with the bones
through ligaments and tendons which also maintains the balance and coordination of the body.
 Pumps Heart: Cardiac muscles are responsible for pumping the blood from the heart into the bungs to
pick up oxygen, receiving blood back from the lungs and then pumping it to the various arteries of the
body.
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20. Functions Of Muscles
 Process Of Inhalation & Exhalation: The whole respiration process depends on inhalation and
exhalation which is done by intercostal muscles through this oxygen is provided to the body.
 Helps In Digestion: Smooth muscles of organs like stomach and intestine help the digestive system in
the process of digestion of food.
 Heat Generation: It is very important in cold climates. Due to high metabolic rate muscles produce
great amount of heat in the body.
 Protect Organs & Bones: It protects the bones & organs by absorbing shocks and reducing friction in
the joints such as muscles in the torso protect the internal organs at the front, sides, and back of the
body.
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21. Structure Of Muscles
 Smooth, Non-Striated Muscles
 This type of muscle is innervated from autonomic nervous system and generally contracts
involuntarily.
 They are generally found in the walls of digestive tract, trachea, bronchus etc.
 Cardiac Muscles
 It is found only in heart. Cardiac muscle works just like striated muscle fiber.
 It contracts rhythmically and automatically wherever striated muscle can contract voluntarily.
 Striated Skeletal Muscles
 The fibers of skeletal muscle are cylindrical in shape.
 These muscles fibers have alternate light and dark bands.
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22. Respiratory System
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23. Respiratory System
 The Respiratory system regulates the exchange of gases.
 Structure of the respiratory system involves the following organs in human beings
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24. Types of Respiration
 External Respiration
 diffusion of gases between the alveoli and the blood of the pulmonary capillaries.
 Internal or Tissues Respiration
 diffusion of gases between the blood of the systemic capillaries and cells.
Functions of Respiratory no System
 To provide oxygen to blood
 Removal of waste products from the body e.g., CO2
 Maintain body temperature
 It affects circulation of blood
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25. Circulatory System
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26. Circulatory System
 Circulatory system serves the function of transporting materials in the body.
 It consists of heart and blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Type of Circulatory System
 Systemic Circulation
 It circulates the pure blood to all parts of the body. This is called systemic circulation.
 Pulmonary Circulation
 It carries the impure blood from all parts of the body to the lungs for purification. This is
called pulmonary circulation.
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27. Heart:
 The human heart is a hollow cone-shaped muscular organ.
 It is a pumping system inside the body.
Structure of Heart:
 The heart is divided into four chambers.
 A septum divides it into a left and right side.
 Each side is further divided into an upper and lower chamber.
 The upper two chambers called auricles
 The bottom chambers are ventricles.
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28. Function of Heart:
 Systemic Circulation :- It circulates the pure blood to all parts of the body. This is called systemic circulation.
 Pulmonary Circulation :- It carries the impure blood from all parts of the body to the lungs for purification.
This is called pulmonary circulation.
 Arteries :- Arteries are blood vessels that take blood away from the heart, except for pulmonary artery, which
carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.
 Veins :- Veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart.
 Capillaries :- Exchange of material take-place in capillaries.
 Blood :- Blood is a special mixture of fluid which acts as a medium of transporting nutrients and gases from
one part of body to another.
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29.  Heart Rate :- It is number of pumping of heart in one minute.
 Stroke Volume :- It is the volume of blood pumped by heart in one beat. It is approximately 80 ml per
beat in normal adult, whereas trained players have 100 ml per beat as stroke.
 Cardiac Output :- Stroke volume x heart rate. It is 5 to 6 liters at basal level.
 Blood Pressure :- It is the force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels
 Second Wind :- The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our
body. It is called as second wind.
 Oxygen Debt :- The amount of oxygen taken by an athlete during the recovery period after strenuous
activity is called oxygen debt.
Function of Heart: cont……. 29

30. Functions of Blood
 Transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs.
 It carries food material absorbed from the intestines to the tissue, cells for growth, energy and repair
process.
 It carries the waste products of cellular activity and carries them to kidneys, lungs and intestines for
excretion.
 It carries hormones, vitamin and other chemicals to the place of need.
 It helps to maintain water balance in the body.
 It regulates the body temperature.
 White blood cells of the blood acts as a defensive mechanism
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31. Second Wind
The breathlessness caused due to prolonged exercise is removed automatically by our body within short
span of time of such exercise. This sense of relief is called 'second wind’.
Causes of second wind:
When we perform strenuous exercise, our body takes some time to adjust according to the increased
demand of energy. So, the second wind occurs before the adjustment.
Symptoms of second wind:
 Faster breathing
 Signs of tension and worry on the face
 Headache
 Suffocation in the chest appears
 Pain in muscles
 Condition of giddiness appears. These painful feelings disappear with the onset of second wind.
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32. Kinesiology
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33. Kinesiology
 The word derived from the Greek work Kinesi which means motion and Logy means study.
 Kinesiology is the study of human or non-human body movement and their roles in promoting
health and reducing disease.
Importance Of Kinesiology
 Improved performance: As kinesiology deals with study of analyzing movements which helps in
improving sports performance as it helps in correcting the movement.
 Safety: Kinesiology helps in designing movement experiences that avoid injuries and it also helps in
designing safety equipment.
 Helps in developing motor skills: It helps in developing the motor skills and specialized sports skills that
helps in better sports performance.
 Rehabilitation: After a injury a person requires to perform correct therapeutic exercises which are
developed through the knowledge of kinesiology and it helps the ailing muscles.
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34. Equilibrium
It is defined as a state of balance or a stable situation, where opposite forces cancel each
other out and where no changes are occurring.
Types of Equilibrium
Dynamic
Equilibrium
Static
Equilibrium
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35. Dynamic Equilibrium
 Dynamic stability is balancing the body during movement.
 It frequently happens that the line of gravity of an athlete will fall outside the base of support for movement.
 The equilibrium is maintained by bringing the CG down.
For example,
 in a sprint start, the body weight is ahead of the supporting foot but before the body can fall forward the
other foot moves ahead to provide support and the process repeats itself.
 A man carrying heavy bucket in his right hand leans towards his left hand side to maintain equilibrium. While
climbing up a hill the climber bends forward so that he does not fall.
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36. Static Equilibrium
 A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if it comes back to its original position when it is
slightly displaced.
 'Static stability is very important in shooting, archery and hand stand in gymnastics, etc.
 Stable objects generally have wide bases and low CG.
 Bottom of the ship is made heavy to keep CG as low as possible. This makes the ship stable.
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37. Principle of Stability
Broad base of
support
center of
gravity
When the body
is free in the air
Direction of an
acting force
 Broader the base, greater the stability.
 Lower the center of gravity, higher the stability
 When the body is free in the air, if the head and feet move then hips help move up and vice-versa.
 Body weight is directly proportional to stability.
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38. Centre of Gravity
Centre of gravity is that point in a body or system around which its mass or
weight is evenly distributed or balanced and through which the force of
gravity acts.
The center of gravity is fixed, provided the size and shape of the body do
not change.
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40. Thank You
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