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C Programming Language 
tutorial 
Powered by:-www.javatpoint.com
What is c language:- 
C is mother language of all programming 
language. 
 It is system programming language. 
 It is procedure-oriented programming 
language. 
 It is also called mid level programming 
language.
History of c language:- 
C programming language was developed in 
1972 by Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories of 
AT&T(American Telephone & Telegraph), 
located in U.S.A. 
 Dennis Ritchie is known as founder of c 
language. 
 It was developed to be used in UNIX 
Operating system. 
 It inherits many features of previous 
languages such as B and BPCL.
Language year Developed By 
ALGOL 1960 International Group 
BPCL 1967 Martin Richards 
B 1970 Ken Thompson 
Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie 
K & R C 1978 Kernighan & Dennis 
Ritchie 
ANSI C 1989 ANSI Committee 
ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee 
C99 1999 Standardization 
Committee
Features of C Language:- 
There are many features of c language are given below. 
1) Simple 
2) Machine Independent or Portable 
3) Mid-level programming language 
4) structured programming language 
5) Rich Library 
6) Memory Management 
7) Fast Speed 
8) Pointers 
9) Recursion 
10) Extensible
First Program of C Language:- 
#include <stdio.h> 
#include <conio.h> 
void main(){ 
printf("Hello C Language"); 
getch(); 
}
Describe the C Program:- 
 #include <stdio.h> includes the standard input 
output library functions. The printf() function is defined in 
stdio.h . 
 #include <conio.h> includes the console input 
output library functions. The getch() function is defined in 
conio.h file. 
 void main() The main() function is the entry point of 
every program in c language. The void keyword specifies 
that it returns no value. 
 printf() The printf() function is used to print data on the 
console. 
 getch() The getch() function asks for a single 
character. Until you press any key, it blocks the screen.
Output of Program is:- 
Hello C Language
Input output function:- 
 There are two input output function of c 
language. 
1) First is printf() 
2) Second is scanf() 
 printf() function is used for output. It prints the 
given statement to the console. 
 Syntax of printf() is given below: 
 printf(“format string”,arguments_list); 
 Format string can be %d(integer), 
%c(character), %s(string), %f(float) etc.
scanf() Function: is used for input. It 
reads the input data from console. 
 scanf(“format string”,argument_list); 
Note:-See more example of input-output 
function on:-www.javatpoint.com/printf-scanf
Data types in C language:- 
There are four types of data types in C 
language. 
Types Data Types 
Basic Data Type int, char, float, double 
Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union 
Enumeration Data Type enum 
Void Data Type void
Keywords in C Language:- 
A keyword is a reserved word. You 
cannot use it as a variable name, constant 
name etc. 
There are 32 keywords in C language as 
given below: 
auto break case char const continu 
e 
default do 
double else enum extern float for goto if 
int long register return short signed sizeof static 
struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
Operators in C language:- 
 There are following types of operators to perform 
different types of operations in C language. 
1) Arithmetic Operators 
2) Relational Operators 
3) Shift Operators 
4) Logical Operators 
5) Bitwise Operators 
6) Ternary or Conditional Operators 
7) Assignment Operator 
8) Misc Operator
Control statement in C language:- 
1) if-else 
2) switch 
3) loops 
4) do-while loop 
5) while loop 
6) for loop 
7) break 
8) continue
C if else statement:- 
There are many ways to use if statement 
in C language: 
1) If statement 
2) If-else statement 
3) If else-if ladder 
4) Nested if
if statement:- 
 In if statement is used to execute the 
code if condition is true. 
syntax:- 
if(expression){ 
//code to be execute 
}
If else statement:- 
The if-else statement is used to execute 
the code if condition is true or false. 
Syntax: 
if(expression){ 
//code to be executed if condition is true 
}else{ 
//code to be executed if condition is false 
}
If else-if ladder Statement:- 
The if else-if statement is used to execute one code from multiple conditions. 
Syntax: 
if(condition1){ 
//code to be executed if condition1 is true 
}else if(condition2){ 
//code to be executed if condition2 is true 
} 
else if(condition3){ 
//code to be executed if condition3 is true 
} 
... 
else{ 
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false 
}
if else-if ladder Statement:- 
 Syntax: 
if(condition1){ 
//code to be executed if condition1 is true 
}else if(condition2){ 
//code to be executed if condition2 is true 
} 
else if(condition3){ 
//code to be executed if condition3 is true 
} 
... 
else{ 
//code to be executed if all the conditions are false 
}
C Switch Statement:- 
 Syntax: 
switch(expression){ 
case value1: 
//code to be executed; 
break; //optional 
case value2: 
//code to be executed; 
break; //optional 
...... 
default: 
code to be executed if all cases are not matched; 
}
Loops in C language:- 
Loops are used to execute a block of code 
or a part of program of the program 
several times. 
Types of loops in C language:- 
There are 3 types of loops in c language. 
1) do while 
2) while 
3) for
do-while loop in C:- 
 It is better if you have to execute the 
code at least once. 
Syntax:- 
do{ 
//code to be executed 
}while(condition);
while loop in c language:- 
 It is better if number of iteration is not 
known by the user. 
Syntax:- 
while(condition){ 
//code to be executed 
}
For loop in C language:- 
 It is good if number of iteration is known 
by the user. 
Syntax:- 
for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){ 
//code to be executed 
}
C break statement:- 
 it is used to break the execution of loop 
(while, do while and for) and switch case. 
Syntax:- 
jump-statement; 
break;
Continue statement in C language:- 
 it is used to continue the execution of loop 
(while, do while and for). It is used with if 
condition within the loop. 
Syntax:- 
jump-statement; 
continue; 
Note:- you can see the example of above 
all control statements on 
www.javatpoint.com/c-if else.
Functions in C language:- 
To perform any task, we can create 
function. A function can be called many 
times. It provides modularity and 
code reusability. 
Advantage of function:- 
1) Code Resuability 
2) Code optimization
Syntax to declare function:- 
return_type function_name(data_type para 
meter...){ 
//code to be executed 
} 
Syntax to call function:- 
variable=function_name(arguments...);
Call by value in C language:- 
In call by value, value being passed to the function is locally 
stored by the function parameter in stack memory location. 
If you change the value of function parameter, it is 
changed for the current function only. It will not change the 
value of variable inside the caller method such as main().
Example of call by value:- 
#include <stdio.h> 
#include <conio.h> 
void change(int num) { 
printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d n",num); 
num=num+100; 
printf("After adding value inside function num=%d n", num); 
} 
int main() { 
int x=100; 
clrscr(); 
printf("Before function call x=%d n", x); 
change(x);//passing value in function 
printf("After function call x=%d n", x); 
getch(); 
return 0; 
}
Output:- 
Before function call x=100 
 Before adding value inside function 
num=100 
After adding value inside function 
num=200 
After function call x=100
Call by reference in C:- 
 In call by reference, original value is 
modified because we pass reference 
(address).
Example of call by Reference:- 
#include <stdio.h> 
#include <conio.h> 
void change(int *num) { 
printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d n",*num); 
(*num) += 100; 
printf("After adding value inside function num=%d n", *num); 
} 
int main() { 
int x=100; 
clrscr(); 
printf("Before function call x=%d n", x); 
change(&x);//passing reference in function 
printf("After function call x=%d n", x); 
getch(); 
return 0; 
}
Output:- 
Before function call x=100 
Before adding value inside function 
num=100 
After adding value inside function 
num=200 
After function call x=200
Recursion in C:- 
 A function that calls itself, and doen't perform 
any task after function call, is know as tail 
recursion. In tail recursion, we generally call 
the same function with return statement. 
Syntax:- 
recursionfunction(){ 
recursionfunction();//calling self function 
}
Array in C:- 
 Array in C language is a collection or group of 
elements (data). All the elements of array 
are homogeneous(similar). It has contiguous memory 
location. 
Declaration of array:- 
 data_type array_name[array_size]; 
Eg:- 
 int marks[7]; 
Types of array:- 
1) 1-D Array 
2) 2-D Array
Advantage of array:- 
1) Code Optimization 
2) Easy to traverse data 
3) Easy to sort data 
4) Random Access
2-D Array in C:- 
2-d Array is represented in the form of 
rows and columns, also known as matrix. 
It is also known as array of arrays or list 
of arrays. 
Declaration of 2-d array:- 
data_type array_name[size1][size2];
Initialization of 2-d array:- 
int arr[3][4]={{1,2,3,4},{2,3,4,5},{3,4, 
5,6}};

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C Programming Language Tutorial for beginners - JavaTpoint

  • 1. C Programming Language tutorial Powered by:-www.javatpoint.com
  • 2. What is c language:- C is mother language of all programming language.  It is system programming language.  It is procedure-oriented programming language.  It is also called mid level programming language.
  • 3. History of c language:- C programming language was developed in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie at bell laboratories of AT&T(American Telephone & Telegraph), located in U.S.A.  Dennis Ritchie is known as founder of c language.  It was developed to be used in UNIX Operating system.  It inherits many features of previous languages such as B and BPCL.
  • 4. Language year Developed By ALGOL 1960 International Group BPCL 1967 Martin Richards B 1970 Ken Thompson Traditional C 1972 Dennis Ritchie K & R C 1978 Kernighan & Dennis Ritchie ANSI C 1989 ANSI Committee ANSI/ISO C 1990 ISO Committee C99 1999 Standardization Committee
  • 5. Features of C Language:- There are many features of c language are given below. 1) Simple 2) Machine Independent or Portable 3) Mid-level programming language 4) structured programming language 5) Rich Library 6) Memory Management 7) Fast Speed 8) Pointers 9) Recursion 10) Extensible
  • 6. First Program of C Language:- #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void main(){ printf("Hello C Language"); getch(); }
  • 7. Describe the C Program:-  #include <stdio.h> includes the standard input output library functions. The printf() function is defined in stdio.h .  #include <conio.h> includes the console input output library functions. The getch() function is defined in conio.h file.  void main() The main() function is the entry point of every program in c language. The void keyword specifies that it returns no value.  printf() The printf() function is used to print data on the console.  getch() The getch() function asks for a single character. Until you press any key, it blocks the screen.
  • 8. Output of Program is:- Hello C Language
  • 9. Input output function:-  There are two input output function of c language. 1) First is printf() 2) Second is scanf()  printf() function is used for output. It prints the given statement to the console.  Syntax of printf() is given below:  printf(“format string”,arguments_list);  Format string can be %d(integer), %c(character), %s(string), %f(float) etc.
  • 10. scanf() Function: is used for input. It reads the input data from console.  scanf(“format string”,argument_list); Note:-See more example of input-output function on:-www.javatpoint.com/printf-scanf
  • 11. Data types in C language:- There are four types of data types in C language. Types Data Types Basic Data Type int, char, float, double Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union Enumeration Data Type enum Void Data Type void
  • 12. Keywords in C Language:- A keyword is a reserved word. You cannot use it as a variable name, constant name etc. There are 32 keywords in C language as given below: auto break case char const continu e default do double else enum extern float for goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while
  • 13. Operators in C language:-  There are following types of operators to perform different types of operations in C language. 1) Arithmetic Operators 2) Relational Operators 3) Shift Operators 4) Logical Operators 5) Bitwise Operators 6) Ternary or Conditional Operators 7) Assignment Operator 8) Misc Operator
  • 14. Control statement in C language:- 1) if-else 2) switch 3) loops 4) do-while loop 5) while loop 6) for loop 7) break 8) continue
  • 15. C if else statement:- There are many ways to use if statement in C language: 1) If statement 2) If-else statement 3) If else-if ladder 4) Nested if
  • 16. if statement:-  In if statement is used to execute the code if condition is true. syntax:- if(expression){ //code to be execute }
  • 17. If else statement:- The if-else statement is used to execute the code if condition is true or false. Syntax: if(expression){ //code to be executed if condition is true }else{ //code to be executed if condition is false }
  • 18. If else-if ladder Statement:- The if else-if statement is used to execute one code from multiple conditions. Syntax: if(condition1){ //code to be executed if condition1 is true }else if(condition2){ //code to be executed if condition2 is true } else if(condition3){ //code to be executed if condition3 is true } ... else{ //code to be executed if all the conditions are false }
  • 19. if else-if ladder Statement:-  Syntax: if(condition1){ //code to be executed if condition1 is true }else if(condition2){ //code to be executed if condition2 is true } else if(condition3){ //code to be executed if condition3 is true } ... else{ //code to be executed if all the conditions are false }
  • 20. C Switch Statement:-  Syntax: switch(expression){ case value1: //code to be executed; break; //optional case value2: //code to be executed; break; //optional ...... default: code to be executed if all cases are not matched; }
  • 21. Loops in C language:- Loops are used to execute a block of code or a part of program of the program several times. Types of loops in C language:- There are 3 types of loops in c language. 1) do while 2) while 3) for
  • 22. do-while loop in C:-  It is better if you have to execute the code at least once. Syntax:- do{ //code to be executed }while(condition);
  • 23. while loop in c language:-  It is better if number of iteration is not known by the user. Syntax:- while(condition){ //code to be executed }
  • 24. For loop in C language:-  It is good if number of iteration is known by the user. Syntax:- for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){ //code to be executed }
  • 25. C break statement:-  it is used to break the execution of loop (while, do while and for) and switch case. Syntax:- jump-statement; break;
  • 26. Continue statement in C language:-  it is used to continue the execution of loop (while, do while and for). It is used with if condition within the loop. Syntax:- jump-statement; continue; Note:- you can see the example of above all control statements on www.javatpoint.com/c-if else.
  • 27. Functions in C language:- To perform any task, we can create function. A function can be called many times. It provides modularity and code reusability. Advantage of function:- 1) Code Resuability 2) Code optimization
  • 28. Syntax to declare function:- return_type function_name(data_type para meter...){ //code to be executed } Syntax to call function:- variable=function_name(arguments...);
  • 29. Call by value in C language:- In call by value, value being passed to the function is locally stored by the function parameter in stack memory location. If you change the value of function parameter, it is changed for the current function only. It will not change the value of variable inside the caller method such as main().
  • 30. Example of call by value:- #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void change(int num) { printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d n",num); num=num+100; printf("After adding value inside function num=%d n", num); } int main() { int x=100; clrscr(); printf("Before function call x=%d n", x); change(x);//passing value in function printf("After function call x=%d n", x); getch(); return 0; }
  • 31. Output:- Before function call x=100  Before adding value inside function num=100 After adding value inside function num=200 After function call x=100
  • 32. Call by reference in C:-  In call by reference, original value is modified because we pass reference (address).
  • 33. Example of call by Reference:- #include <stdio.h> #include <conio.h> void change(int *num) { printf("Before adding value inside function num=%d n",*num); (*num) += 100; printf("After adding value inside function num=%d n", *num); } int main() { int x=100; clrscr(); printf("Before function call x=%d n", x); change(&x);//passing reference in function printf("After function call x=%d n", x); getch(); return 0; }
  • 34. Output:- Before function call x=100 Before adding value inside function num=100 After adding value inside function num=200 After function call x=200
  • 35. Recursion in C:-  A function that calls itself, and doen't perform any task after function call, is know as tail recursion. In tail recursion, we generally call the same function with return statement. Syntax:- recursionfunction(){ recursionfunction();//calling self function }
  • 36. Array in C:-  Array in C language is a collection or group of elements (data). All the elements of array are homogeneous(similar). It has contiguous memory location. Declaration of array:-  data_type array_name[array_size]; Eg:-  int marks[7]; Types of array:- 1) 1-D Array 2) 2-D Array
  • 37. Advantage of array:- 1) Code Optimization 2) Easy to traverse data 3) Easy to sort data 4) Random Access
  • 38. 2-D Array in C:- 2-d Array is represented in the form of rows and columns, also known as matrix. It is also known as array of arrays or list of arrays. Declaration of 2-d array:- data_type array_name[size1][size2];
  • 39. Initialization of 2-d array:- int arr[3][4]={{1,2,3,4},{2,3,4,5},{3,4, 5,6}};