2. To Know Schizophrenia is to
know Psychiatry
The most devastating
illness that psychiatrist
treat.
One of the most
challenging disease in
medicine
1% of population has
schizo.
An enormous economic
burden
? A major health concern
4. History
Emil Kraepelin- original term-
dementia praecox-early age,
chronic deteriorating course.
Eugen Bleuler- coined the term
schizophrenia (split mind)
affective blunting, loosening of
associations, autism (withdrawal)
and ambivalence (coexisting
conflicting ideas) - 4 As- earned
acceptance in USA
Kurt Schneider first rank
symptom
5. Definition
Psychotic mental disorder of
unknown aetiology
characterized by
disturbances in
Thinking (e.g. distortion of
reality, delusions and
hallucinations)
Mood (e.g. ambivalence,
inappropriate affect)
Behaviour (e.g. Apathetic
withdrawal, bizarre activity)
at least 6 months
6. Epidemiology
•Lifetime prevalence 1-1.5%
•There is 7351 cases had been reported from 2003-2005
•The incidence was noted higher in males, urban and migrant
population
Incidence and prevalence(In Malaysia)
•60% of the schizophrenia cases are man
Sex ratio
•Prevalence > low socioeconomic groups
Socioeconomic status
•Common between 15 and 35, rare before 10 and after 40
years old. Earlier onset for ♂
Age of onset
9. Aetiology
Uncertain; however there is
evidence for several risk
factors.
Several models which can be
grouped into….
Biological Social
Psychological
10. Aetiology – Bio
Genetics Consideration
1st degree & 2nd degree relative
Environmental
Abnormalities of pregnancy and delivery
[2%]
Maternal Influenza – 2nd trimester [2%]
Fetal Malnutrition [2%]
Winter & Low Social Class birth [1.1%]
11.
12. Social
Studies have shown an excess of
schizophrenic patients in lower
socioeconomic groups and in urbanised
areas. This used to be attributed to “social
drift”
Cannabis abusers [2%]
13. Psychological
abnormalities in
processing sensory
information, in
separating “signal from
background noise”, or in
manipulating abstract
information
Excess life traumas
against controls at first
presentation
14. Pathophysiology
disorder of dopaminergic
function:
related to increased dopamine
activity in certain neuronal
tracts.
Other neurotransmitter
abnormalities implicated in
schizophrenia:
elevated serotonin.
elevated norepinephrine.
decreased gamma-
aminobutyric acid (GABA).
16. THREE PHASES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Prodromal
•Decline in
functioning that
precedes 1st
psychotic
episode
•Socially
withdrawn,
irritable
•Physical
complaints
•Newfound
interest in religion
/ the occult
Psychotic
(acute phase)
•Positive
symptoms
•Perceptual
disturbances
(e.g. auditory
hallucinations)
•Delusions (usually
secondary,
delusion of
reference
common)
•Disordered
thought process
/ content
Residual
(chronic phase)
•Occurs between
episodes of
psychosis
•Marked by
negative
symptoms (flat
affect, social
withdrawal)
•odd thinking and
behaviour
19. ICD diagnostic criteria –
1 of the following
At least one of the symptoms a-d or
two of the symptoms e- i
a. Thought echo, insertion, or
withdrawal and thought
broadcasting
b. Delusions of control, influence, or
passivity; delusional perception
c. Hallucinatory voices-running
commentary or other < part of body
d. Persistent delusions of other kinds
20. ICD diagnostic criteria –
2 of the following
e. Persistent hallucinations in any modality
occurring everyday for weeks or months
f. Breaks or interpolation in the train of thought >
incoherence or irrelevant speech, or
neologism
g. Catatonic behavior, such as excitement,
posturing, or waxy flexibility, negativism,
mutism, stupor
h. ‘negative’ symptoms; apathy, paucity of
speech, blunting of emotional response
i. A significant and consistent change in
behavior > aimless, idle, self-absorbed att
21. DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
A. Characteristic
symptoms. At least 2 of
the following; each for
1- month period:
a. delusions
b. hallucinations
c. disorganized speech
d. grossly disorganized
or catatonic behavior
e. negative symptoms,
i.e. avolition, flattening
of affect, alogia
(poverty of speech)
F. Social/occupational
dysfunction
G. Continuous signs of the
disturbance persists for
at least six months
H. Schizoaffective and
mood disorder exclusion
I. Substance/medical
condition exclusion
J. Relationship to pervasive
developmental disorder
autism+ schiz.<D/H-1 m
22. Difference between DSMIV
and ICD 10
DSMIV ICD-10
The classification of
schizophrenia
Course and
functional
impairment
Schneider’s first
rank sign
The duration of illness 6 months 1 month
Prodromal and residual
period
included Not included
Occupational and social
functional deficiency
Expected since the
onset of the
disorder
Expected in the
course of the
disorder
23. Kurt Schneider (German psychiatrist) ’s
symptoms of first rank
1. Auditory hallucinations:
audible thought or thought
echo ; referring third person;
running commentary.
2. Alienation of thought: thought
insertion or withdrawal
3. Diffusion of thought (thought
broadcasting)
4. Sensation of feelings, impulses
or acts being controlled by
external forces
5. Somatic passivity < external
agency (e.g. X-rays, hypnosis)
6. Delusional perception
24. Schneider first rank symptoms
of schizophrenia
Individual symptoms that
are highly specific for
schizophrenia
Occur in about 80% of
schizo pts, 40% in bipolar
mood disorder ( only
mania)& 20% in severe
major depression
28. Prognosis
Recover completely/long
term minimal symptoms-
30%(The percentage on
the rise)
Recurrent illness -poorer
prognosis
Young patient -high risk
of suicide
29. Predictors for poor outcome
Features of the illness Insidious onset
Long 1st episode
Previous psychiatric history
Negative symptoms
Younger age at onset
Features of the patient Male
Single, separated, widowed or
divorced
Poor psychosexual adjustment
Poor employment
Social isolation
Poor compliance
30. Assessment
No confirmatory laboratory
studies.
Diagnosis made based on
psychotic symptoms and
functional deterioration.
Diagnostic evaluation: aim
Establish the presense of
psychosis
Eliminate other differential
diagnosis
35. Management
Treatment of Schizophrenia
Acute phase
Relapse prevention phase
Stable phase
Psychosocial care and
rehabilitation
36. 36
Need rapid
tranquilisation
Urgent
No
Yes Combination of
parenteral treatment
Yes
Yes
No
Identify Phases of Illness
No
Adequate
dose &
duration
Oral medication is preferred
When parenteral needed, use a single agent
•Provide comprehensive plan (pharmacological, psychosocial & service level interventions)
•Offer conventional APs (300-1000mg CPZ equivalent) or AMS or OLZ
•Monitor clinical response, side effects & treatment adherence
Poor
response
Optimise APs usage
•Exclude substance abuse, treatment
non-adherence & concurrent other
general medical conditions
•Optimise psychosocial interventions
•Refer to psychiatrist for trial of
clozapine
Yes
No
•Plan for recovery (ACT, family intervention, psychoeducation, social skills training & supported employment)
•APs usage to continue with single oral agent from acute phase; use depot when non-adherent
•Monitor for clinical response, side effects & treatment adherence
Acute
phase
Relapse
prevention
ALGORITHM FOR MANAGEMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Diagnosis of
Schizophrenia
Stable
phase
Follow-up at primary care
Follow manual on Garispanduan
Perkhidmatan Rawatan Susulan
Pesakit Mental di Klinik Kesihatan
Prevention & management of side effects of APs at all phases
aonitor EPS/akathisia/weight gain/diabetes/heart
disease/sexual dysfunction
Follow schedule of physical care as per follow-up manual
37. Acute phase
From home to hospital
Restrain
Aid from policemen
Safety of care provider, family members
and patient is crucial
In the hospital
Room of seclusion
Consider involuntary admission
39. Relapse prevention phase
Started on routine anripsychotic as early
as possible.
Maintenance doses of medication
established and side effect reviewed.
Patient education and reassurance.
Building a therapeutic alliance with
patient and family
Treatment resistance – Clozapine
Assertive Community Therapy(ACT)
40. ACT?
Combined medication and
psychosocial treatments with
aggressive delivery and
follow-up.
Activities:
Daily home visit
“eyes-on” medication
administration
Transportation to clinician
appointment
41. Stable phase
Follow up at primary care
clinic.
Life long medication
Remission for at least 1
year achieve in 70 – 80%
of patient taking
antipsychotic at full doses
Psychosocial support
42. Psychosocial and
rehabilitation care
Social skill training
Employment training
Cognitive remediation therapy
Psychoeducation
Family therapy
Don’t forget medical illness too…
JOHN FORBES NASH JR. Born on June 13, 1928, (age 78)Maths professor - Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics (1994) - Known for –Nash equilibrium -Nash embedding theorem -Algebraic geometry SUFFERING FROM schizophrenia SINCE HE WAS 30 YEARS OLD
Severity – more wore in men sue to more negative symptoms and less able to function in society
Hebephrenic = Disorganised
The DSM-IV-TR contains five sub-classifications of schizophrenia, although the developers of DSM-5 are recommending they be dropped from the new classification
The ICD-10 defines two additional subtypes.
Post-schizophrenic depression: A depressive episode arising in the aftermath of a schizophrenic illness where some low-level schizophrenic symptoms may still be present. (ICD code F20.4)
Simple schizophrenia: Insidious and progressive development of prominent negative symptoms with no history of psychotic episodes.