11. Role: اﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ
♦Label
describing the portion
a person is accountable.
of
project
for
which
Authority :اﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ
♦Right
to apply project resources and make decisions.
Responsibility: اﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ
♦Work
that is expected to perform to complete the project
activities.
Competency:
♦Skill
اﻟﺠﺪارة
and capacity required to complete the project
activities.
١١
42. Functional Structure
Advantages
• Specialisation – each
department focuses on
its own work
• Accountability –
someone is responsible
for the section
• Clarity – know your and
others’ roles
٤٢
•
•
•
•
Disadvantages
Closed communication
could lead to lack
of focus
Departments can
become resistant
to change
Coordination
may take too long
Gap between top and
bottom
45. Organisation by
Product/Activity
Advantages
• Clear focus on market
segment helps meet
customers’ needs
• Positive competition
between divisions
• Better control as each
division can act as
separate profit centre
٤٥
Disadvantages
• Duplication of functions
(e.g. different sales
force for each division)
• Negative effects of
competition
• Lack of central control
over each separate
division
46. Organisation by Area
Advantages
• Serve local needs
better
• Positive competition
• More effective
communication
between firm and
local customers
٤٦
Disadvantages
• Conflict between local
and central management
• Duplication of resources
and functions
49. Matrix
Organizational Design (Cont.)
• Strengths
– Responsive, flexible, efficient use of costly
resources
– Potentially high levels of human motivation
and involvement
– Managers can respond fast to market
changes
– Shares scarce and expensive resources
– People get information about a total project,
not only about their specialty
٤٩
50. Matrix
Organizational Design (Cont.)
• Weaknesses
– High levels of ambiguity because of multiple
authority relationships
– Ambiguity can encourage power struggles
among managers
– Multiple authority relationships can give
opposing demands to people
– High conflict potential can reach dysfunctional
levels and act as significant stressors for
people in matrix organizations
٥٠
63. Project organization chart
Graphical display of project team
members and their reporting
relationships.
An Organizational Breakdown Structure
( OBS )
is a specific type of organization chart
٦٣
that shows which organizational units are
responsible for which work items.
64. Functional Organization
Hierarchy where each
employee
has one clear superior
Functional
Manager
Project
Coordination
Functional
Manager
Functional
Manager
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
٦٤
Staff
Staff
Staff
(Black boxes represent staff engaged in project activities)
65. Functional Manager
♦A
manager responsible for activities in a specialized
department
or function (e.g., engineering,
manufacturing marketing),
Matrix Organization blend of functional and matrix
♦ Any
organizational structure in which the project
manager shares responsibility with the functional
managers for assigning priorities and for directing
the work of individuals assigned to the project.
٦٥
66. Weak Matrix Organization
close to
♦ The
Func. Org.
project manager role is more that of
a coordinator or expediter than that of a manger.
Functional
Manager
Functional
Manager
Functional
Manager
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
٦٦
Staff
Staff
Staff
(Black boxes represent staff engaged in project activities)
Project Coordination
67. Strong-Matrix-Organization
♦ Full-time
project managers with considerable authority and
full-time project administrative staff.
Strong Matrix Organization
Close to
Projectized org.
Functional
Manager
Functional
Manager
Functional
Manager
Manager of
Project Managers
Staff
Staff
Staff
Project Manager
Staff
Staff
Staff
Project Manager
Staff
Staff
Staff
Project Manager
(Black boxes represent staff engaged in project activities)
٦٧
♦ For
Project Coordination
a large, complex project strong matrix is best for
handling cross-functional project needs.
69. Projectized Organization
Project
Coordination
Project
Manager
Most of organization’s
resources are involved in
project work
and report to the project
manager
Project
Manager
Project
Manager
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
Staff
٦٩
Staff
Staff
Staff
(Black boxes represent staff engaged in project activities)
70. Functional Organizations:
Advantages
• Easier management of specialties
• Team members report to one boss
• Centralized resources
• Clear career path in area or work specialty
Disadvantages
• People place more emphasis on their functional specialties o the detriment of the
project
• No career path in project management
• Project manager has little or no authority
٧٠
71. Projectized Organizations:
Advantages
Efficient project organization
Loyalty to the project
More effective communication
than that of functional
Disadvantages
No “home” when project is Completed
Lack of professionalism in disciplines
Duplications of facilities and job functions
Less efficient use of Resources
٧١
72. Matrix Organization
Advantages
– Visible objectives
– Efficient utilization of resources
– Better co-ordination
– Better information flow
– Retention of home after project
Disadvantages
– More than one boss
– Complex structure to control
– Differing priorities of PM and FM
– Duplication of effort
٧٢
75. Matrix Organization:
Hybrid of functional and Projectized.
“Two Bosses” … team members report to two bosses;
the project manager and the functional manager.
Team members do project wok in addition to
departmental work.
In a strong matrix, power rests with project manager.
In a balanced matrix, power is shared between the two.
In a weak matrix, power rests with functional Manager.
٧٥
76. Functional
Weak Matrix Balanced Matrix Strong Matrix
Project zed
Authority
Little or None Limited
Resource Availability
Little or None Limited
Low to Moderate
Moderate to High
High to Almost
Low to Moderate
Moderate to High
High to Almost
Who controls the project budget
Functional Manager Functional Manager Mixed Project Manager
Project Manager
Project Manager's Role
Part-time
Part -time
Full-time
Full- time
Full-time
Project Management Administrative Staff
Part-time
٧٦
Part -time
Full-time
Full- time
Full-time
77. ♦The
of
project manager has the highest level
direct
authority
in
aprojectized
environment.
♦Team
members are often collocated. Most
of the organization’s resources are involved
in project work, and project managers have
a great deal of independence and authority.
٧٧
78. Matrix – based Charts
Responsibility assignment matrix ( RAM )
Connections between work and team member.
All activities related to one person.
People associated with activity.
RAM
Activity
Person
Analyze
Design
Code
Samy
P
S
P
Nabil
S
P
S
Nagy
R
R
R
P - Primary,
٧٨
S - Secondary,
R- Review
79. Staffing management plan :
Staffing management plan describes when and how H.R will be
brought onto and taken off the project team.
The staffing plan may be formal or informal, highly detailed or
broadly framed, based on the needs of the project.
The staffing management plan often includes resource histograms,
٧٩
as illustrated the figure.