A whirlwind tour of Citizen Science in Astronomy
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A whirlwind tour of Citizen Science in Astronomy
- 1. An introduction to Citizen Science in Astronomy
- 2. SCIENCE for All & All for SCIENCE
- 3. A quick overview Why on earth? Some history A deeper dive Resources
- 4. https://doi.org/10.1371/j ournal.pone.0147152 Many terms fall underthe umbrella of Citizen Science
- 5. Thereare many domains of science to which Citizen Science approaches can be applied
- 6. …and there are just as many definitions… What Is Citizen Science? The Challenges of Definition, in ‘The Science of Citizen Science’. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_2
- 7. The 10 Principles of Citizen Science https://osf.io/xpr2n/
- 8. CITIZEN SCIENCE PROJECTS ACTIVELY INVOLVE CITIZENS IN SCIENTIFIC ENDEAVOUR THAT GENERATES NEW KNOWLEDGE OR UNDERSTANDING 1 8 Citizens may act as contributors, collaborators, or as project leader and have a meaningful role in the project.
- 9. CITIZEN SCIENCE PROJECTS HAVE A GENUINE SCIENCE OUTCOME 9 For example, answering a research question or informing conservation action, management decisions or environmental policy. 2
- 10. BOTH THE PROFESSIONAL SCIENTISTS AND THE CITIZEN SCIENTISTS BENEFIT FROM TAKING PART 10 Benefits may include the publication of research outputs, learning opportunities, personal enjoyment, social benefits, satisfaction through contributing to scientific evidence e.g. to address local, national and international issues, and through that, the potential to influence policy 3
- 11. CSactively engagescitizens (lay-people)ingenerating newscientific knowledgeorunderstanding : at any stage of the process
- 12. Haklay, M., 2013, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7 …and at varying levels of engagement.
- 13. These levels of participation can function like an escalator… The ‘Doing it together Science’ Escalator Model. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.28858.62403
- 14. …leading to steadily deeperengagement (but also smaller numbersof engaged participants) https://povesham.wordpress.com/2018/10/05/how-many-citizen-scientists-in-the-world/
- 20. open science citizen science opendata (FAIR) openaccess transparent projectdefinition “top-down”projects “bottom-up”projects co-creation complete collaboration interdisciplinary citizenscience inclusion transdisciplinary research Citizen Science is a key part of Open Science
- 21. Citizen Science and Policy, in ‘The Science of Citizen Science’. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_2
- 23. OPEN SCIENCE is defined as an inclusive construct that combines various movements and practices aiming to • make multilingual scientific knowledge openly available, accessible and reusable for everyone, • to increase scientific collaborations and sharing of information for the benefits of science and society, and • to open the processes of scientific knowledge creation, evaluation and communication • to societal actors beyond the traditional scientific community. • It builds on the following key pillars: open scientific knowledge, open science infrastructures, science communication, open engagement of societal actors and open dialogue with other knowledge Systems
- 24. TheCitizen Sciencecontribution toOpen Scienceshould bemaximised … Comments on the first Draft of the Recommendation on Open Science by the Citizen Science and Open Science Community of Practice https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/comments_ osr_partner_csgp_document.pdf
- 31. The growth of Citizen Science is driven in part by the growth in connecting technologies…
- 32. …and in the growth of commons-basedpeerproduction. The history of commons-based peer production communities https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production
- 34. The growth inCS isseen bothin the academic literature Kullenberg C, Kasperowski D (2016) What Is Citizen Science? – A Scientometric Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 11(1): e0147152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147152
- 35. …andin the total number of CitizenScience projects. No PhDs needed: how citizen science is transforming research. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07106-5
- 36. A quick overview Why on earth? Some history A deeper dive Resources
- 41. The impacts of CS are very wide-ranging •Society •Impact •society and individuals •collective (societal) values, understanding, actions and well- being •Environment •Impact the bio-chemical- physical environment, the quality or quantity of specific natural resources or ecosystems. Science & technology Impact •the scientific process (method) as well as research more broadly •the scientific system (institutions; science policy; incentive structures), •technological artefacts (such as apps) and standards. •Governance •Impact processes and institutions through which decisions are made (both informal and formal) Relationships and partnerships the governance of data generated. Wehn, U., Gharesifard, M., Ceccaroni, L. et al. Impact assessment of citizen science: state of the art and guiding principles for a consolidated approach. Sustain Sci 16, 1683–1699 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-021-00959-2
- 43. Den Broeder et al. 2017 https://theoryandpractice.citizenscience association.org/articles/10.5334/cstp.89 EverydomainofCS hasitsownuniqueareas ofimpact
- 47. Scalability. The first advantage of citizen science is its scalability. In a prescient paper, Lahav et al. (1995), discussing the then forthcoming Sloan Digital Sky Survey, noted that ”Classifying very large data sets is obviously beyond the capability of a single person‚”. Distributing data to large numbers of individuals and collecting classification results for any given project could be a daunting management challenge, and so automated processes were seen as the most pragmatic solution…. By dramatically scaling up the number of people available to work on a problem, citizen science eases the problem of the data flood by alleviating the reliance solely on automatic classifications, which often do not yet perform as well as the human techniques they were intended to replace
- 48. The Planet Hunters project originated in December 2010, participants look for transits in data from NASA’s Kepler satellite. In May 2011, five months after launch, Planet Hunters was still attracting activity that amounts to the equivalent of 51 Full Time Equivalent staff. Galaxy Zoo alone has recorded more than 150 million classifications over nearly four years.
- 51. Serendipity. A second key advantage of human classification is that it preserves the opportunity for serendipitous discovery. Humans involved in a classification task will continue to look for unusual objects. Further, it has been seen that the interplay of the science team and citizen scientists can be multifaceted and can follow unexpected and quite fruitful trajectories that might be quite different than the original research goals.
- 52. Galaxy Zoo volunteer Hanny van Arkel spotted an unusual, and previously unknown, object, which became known as Hanny’s Voorwerp. This object was followed- ‐up by studies using several ground- ‐based observatories, the Swift satellite, and with HST by the Hubble Heritage Team. These studies indicate that Hanny’s Voorwerp is a unique example of a quasar light echo. A vast, twisted filament of gas is observed to be illuminated by the powerful beam of a quasar that existed in the center of IC 2497 until recently, but is no longer active. The HST campaign, in particular, suggested that gas outflow from the spiral galaxy IC 2497 is interacting with a nearby part of the filament, producing star formation.
- 53. Learning in Citizen Science, https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58278-4_15
- 54. …often have a tangible monetary value…
- 55. …and can make tangible contributions, such as to environmental policy…. Bio Innovation Service (2018) Citizen science for environmental policy: development of an EU-wide inventory and analysis of selected practices. Final report for the European Commission, DG Environment under the contract 070203/2017/768879/ETU/ENV.A.3, in collaboration with Fundacion Ibercivis and The Natural History Museum, November 2018.
- 56. …and to the SDGs…. Fritz, S., See, L., Carlson, T. et al: Citizen science and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Nat Sustain 2, 1063 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0426-8
- 57. A quick overview Why on earth? Some history A deeper dive Resources
- 61. https://doi.org/10.1093/astrogeo/ataa016 A&G Volume 61 Issue 2, April 2020
- 62. Haklay, M., 2013, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7 …and at varying levels of engagement.
- 66. Haklay, M., 2013, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7 …and at varying levels of engagement.
- 72. Haklay, M., 2013, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7 …and at varying levels of engagement.
- 80. Haklay, M., 2013, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7 …and at varying levels of engagement.
- 85. Haklay, M., 2013, DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4587-2_7 …and at varying levels of engagement.
- 94. A quick overview Why on earth? Some history A deeper dive Resources
- 95. The 10 Principles of Citizen Science https://www.slideshare.net/MobileMaggie/ecsa-the-ecsa-principles-and-the-ecsa- characteristics-of-citizen-science
- 97. Contours of citizen science: a vignette study – will be published in Royal Society August 25th, currently In pre-print here: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/6u2ky The Characteristics of Citizen Science
- 98. TheCitizen Sciencecontribution toOpen Scienceshould bemaximised … Comments on the first Draft of the Recommendation on Open Science by the Citizen Science and Open Science Community of Practice https://en.unesco.org/sites/default/files/comments_ osr_partner_csgp_document.pdf
- 100. The Characteristics Areas 1. Core Concepts 2. Disciplinary Aspects 3. Leadership and Participation 4. Financial Aspects 5. Data & Knowledge
- 101. Core Concepts Here, we look at the conceptual issues that might help to decide the degree of citizen science of a given project. This can be especially challenging in areas that were Identified as ambiguous, such as the difference between a clinical study of digital health tools and participatory sensing activities of the exact same tools. • Science & Research • What counts as research • Intention and framing • Hypothesis-driven, monitoring, inductive, exploratory, and database creation • Roles and responsibilities • Subject or participant • Ethics
- 102. Disciplinary Aspects Our study of views demonstrated that some areas of research are especially prone to ambiguity, or two specific issues that relate to practices within the sub-disciplines in these areas. We therefore explain what the specific issues are for each area. • Disciplinary views – scientific and technological, arts and humanities, social sciences • Medical sciences and human health
- 103. Leadership & Participation Here we focus on who is the ‘project owner’: the body, group or individual that has control over the project’s development. We discuss the roles of participants and their engagement with the project. • Individual, community-led or research-led • Organisations (RPOs, CSOs, public) • Commercial activities • Degree of engagement • Small vs large scale • Professionalism vs voluntarism • Science engagement and education • Links to decision making
- 104. Financial Aspects Unlike other contributions that are happening in citizen science (e.g. time, use of physical resources, use of knowledge and expertise), financial transactions stand out as an area that can lead to contention about the classification of a project. • Financial support for scientific research • Payment to take part in a project. • Incentives to participate in an activity.
- 105. Data & Knowledge The final section looks at how data- and knowledge-generation issues influence a given activity. • Data and knowledge generation. • Data ownership and use • Data quality • Local and lay knowledge-sharing and application • Opportunistic vs systematic data collection • Digital data-collection tools • Sharing personal and medical data
- 110. A quick overview Why on earth? Some history A deeper dive Resources
- 111. Professionalisation of Citizen Science CS Platforms & Knowledge Exchange
- 113. Citizen Scienceis a growingfield