1. The Endocrine System Part 2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

3. Consists of two lobes and a connecting isthmus

4. Produces two hormones

5. Thyroid hormone

6. CalcitoninSlide 9.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

7. Thyroid Gland Figure 9.6 Slide 9.23b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

9. Composed of two active iodine-containing hormones

10. Thyroxine (T4) – secreted by thyroid follicles

11. Triiodothyronine (T3) – conversion of T4 at target tissuesSlide 9.24 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

13. Antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

14. Produced by C (parafollicular) cellsFigure 9.9 Slide 9.25 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

16. Secrete parathyroid hormone

17. Stimulate osterclasts to remove calcium from bone

18. Stimulate the kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium

19. Raise calcium levels in the bloodSlide 9.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

21. Cortex – outer glandular region in three layers

22. Medulla – inner neural tissue region

23. Sits on top of the kidneysSlide 9.27 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

25. Produced in outer adrenal cortex

26. Regulate mineral content in blood, water, and electrolyte balance

27. Target organ is the kidney

28. Production stimulated by renin and aldosterone

29. Production inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptideSlide 9.28a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

30. Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex Figure 9.10 Slide 9.28b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

32. Produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex

33. Promote normal cell metabolism

34. Help resist long-term stressors

35. Released in response to increased blood levels of ACTHSlide 9.29a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

37. Produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex

38. Androgens (male) and some estrogen (female)Slide 9.29b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

40. Epinephrine

41. Norepinephrine

42. These hormones prepare the body to deal with short-term stressSlide 9.30 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

43. Roles of the Hypothalamus and Adrenal Glands in the Stress Response Figure 9.12 Slide 9.31 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

45. The islets of the pancreas produce hormones

46. Insulin – allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells

47. Glucagon – allows glucose to enter the blood from alpha cells

48. These hormones are antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasisSlide 9.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

49. Pancreatic Islets Figure 9.13 Slide 9.32b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

50. Pancreatic Hormones and Blood Sugar Figure 9.14 Slide 9.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

52. Secretes melatonin

53. Helps establish the body’s wake and sleep cycles

54. May have other as-yet-unsubstantiated functionsSlide 9.34 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

56. Largest in infants and children

57. Produces thymosin

58. Matures some types of white blood cells

59. Important in developing the immune systemSlide 9.35 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

61. Produced by Graafian follicles or the placenta

62. Stimulates the development of secondary female characteristics

63. Matures female reproductive organs

64. Helps prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg

65. Helps maintain pregnancy

66. Prepares the breasts to produce milkSlide 9.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

68. Produced by the corpus luteum

69. Acts with estrogen to bring about the menstrual cycle

70. Helps in the implantation of an embryo in the uterusSlide 9.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

72. Produce several androgens

73. Testosterone is the most important androgen

74. Responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics

75. Promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system

76. Required for sperm cell productionSlide 9.38 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

78. Parts of the stomach

79. Kidneys

80. Heart

81. Many other areas have scattered endocrine cellsSlide 9.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

83. Some hormones play a part in the delivery of the baby

84. Produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormonesSlide 9.40 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

86. Menopause is brought about by lack of efficiency of the ovaries

87. Problems associated with reduced estrogen are common

88. Growth hormone production declines with age

89. Many endocrine glands decrease output with ageSlide 9.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings