Power Quality Systems and Power Factor Correction Presentation

© ABB
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CAABB-LPCP, 2015
ABB LV Power Quality Canada
Seminar

© ABB
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Today‘s Presentation
What will we see?
1. What is LV Power Quality (PQS) all about?
2. Technical relevance to an end user
3. Business relevance to an end-user
4. Value-add … what’s special about ABB?

© ABB
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Power Quality
What is it all about?
Today’s discussion about low voltage power quality products
is largely related to two core concepts:
1. Power factor improvement
2. Harmonics mitigation
… on Low Voltage networks (<690V)

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Today‘s Presentation
PQS – a little background
1. Large installed base in Canada
2. Mostly industrial applications
3. Business responsibility with Low Voltage Products Canada
4. Sales responsibility for Canada
5. Engineering and production for Canada and USA
6. Best blend of global knowledge base with local competence
and production

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R L C
Toaster, oven … Motor, anything
with a coil
Capacitor, cap
bank,…
P
W or kW
Q
var or kvar
Q
var or kvar
Power Factor Improvement
What are all the load types?
IR ω
VAC
IL
ω
90°
VAC
VAC
IC ω
90°

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Motor Example
 Typical motor = linear inductive load
 Active power (kW) does the real work of running the motor
 Reactive power (kvar) is the power used for magnetization, etc.
(kVA) is geometrical or vector sum of kW and kvar
kW
kvar
kVA

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Relationship between kW, KVA and kvar
Power factor = cos ϕ = P(kW) / S(kVA)
« Weight of useful power P against the consumed power S »
kVA
Active power P
kW
Reactive
power
Q
kvar
ϕ
ϕcos×= SP
ϕsin×= SQ
22
QPS +=

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What is good power factor?
When angle ϕ  0°, cos ϕ = P(kW) / S(kVA)  1
Source of leading reactive power = capacitors and cap banks
kVA
Active power P
kW
Reactive
power
Q
kvar
ϕ
kVA

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Beer analogy

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© ABB Group
September 3, 2015 | Slide 11
From beer back to power factor!!
When angle ϕ  0°
cos ϕ = P(kW) / S(kVA)  1
Compensation = capacitors & banks
More
beer!!

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Calculating correction in kvar
kVA
Active power P
kW
Reactive
power
Q
kvar
ϕ
Method of calculation…
 Crude estimation = 40% of motor KW
rating
 Cap amps < 90% of motor amps
 Power factor (p.f.) = cos ϕ
 Existing p.f. = x = cos ϕ1
 Target p.f. = y = cos ϕ2
 Inverse cosine of x & y gives you the
angles ϕ1 and ϕ2
 Calculate tangents of ϕ1 and ϕ2
 Multiply the difference between tan ϕ1
and tan ϕ2 with the real power (KW)
 Result gives you required
compensation value in kvar
)tan(tanPQ 21comp ϕϕ −×=
Qcomp

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Where do these things go?
Various locations on the electrical n/w
1. Plant feeder (MV)
2. Main LV bus
3. Branch/auxiliary bus
4. Individual load point
Capacitor location
1 2 & 3 4
Technical approach Best
Flexibility Least Less Best
Savings Least Less Max
Cost per kvar Least Lower Highest

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What are the benefits?
 Transformers and distribution cables see lower currents
 Reduced I²R losses in cables, transformers, protection devices

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What are the benefits?
 Frees up system capacity by a
value directly proportional to
power factor improvement

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What is the business relevance?
Benefits to end-users …
1. Utility billing = smaller electricity bills due to lower kvars
2. Utilization efficiency = Possible to partially offset capital
expenditure on additional capacity. How?
• Installed loads (kW) are fixed
• Service capacity (kVA) is fixed
• If kvar reduces  opens up system capacity

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Capacitor Element – IPE (Internal Protected Element)
 Dry type design
 Self-healing, internally protected element
 Long lasting and rugged
 Proven design and build quality
 Manufactured in Belgium

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© ABB Group
Capacitor Element – IPE self healing
 Step 1: Dielectric breakdown takes place
 Step 2: Vaporization of the thin electrodes
which ends up with breakdown elimination
Principle
 Diameter of the hole: 1 µm
 Capacitance loss: < 1ppm (part per million)

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Capacitor Unit – CLMD

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Capacitor Unit – CLMD
Engineered and built in Canada

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Capacitor Bank
Auto Cap Bank
 208V to 690V
 CSA and UL approved
 Rugged construction
 Proven design
 Local expertise
 Long operating life
 Indoor or outdoor
 Standard or custom
 Engineered and built in
Canada

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A word on resonance – what is it?
 Inductive reactance XL = 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
 Varies proportionally with frequency
 Capacitive reactance XC =
1
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
 Varies inversely with frequency
 When XL = XC
 Impedances (ZL & ZC) cancel out
 Band-pass filter
 Creates uncontrolled oscillations
 L and C feed off each other
 Usually capacitors burn out
Wineglass
(YouTube)

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A word on resonance – what is the solution?
 Shift the resonance point away
from the most likely frequency
 Most likely frequency = 5th
harmonic = 60Hz * 5 = 300 Hz
 How? With a reactor
 Hence we select from a choice of
frequency points …
 3.78 = 227 Hz (ABB)
 4.2 = 252 Hz and so on
 This is called a detuned bank, only
meant to protect the capacitors

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A word on resonance – which reactor?
 % Vrise =
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
2
× 100
 To be safe, capacitor needs to be
rated 10% over network voltage
 “Pulls” harmonic current away from
the capacitor
 Largest source of heat loss in a cap
bank, 5W per kvar
 Depends on loading
 We offer option of standard and
reinforced reactors

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Capacitor Bank – CLMM without reactors
 Main protection can be added to the bank on request.
 Maximum step (1xCLMD encl.) size is 100 kvar @ 480V / 600V.
 Maximum bank size 1.20 Mvar @ 480V / 600V
 4 steps (90‘‘H x 38‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 5 steps (90‘‘H x 50‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 6 steps (90‘‘H x 62‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 7/8 steps (90‘‘H x 74‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 Cable entry: top, bottom or side
 Up 12 steps configuration with slave unit

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Capacitor Bank – CLMR with reactors
 Main protection can be added to the bank on request.
 Maximum step (1xCLMD encl.) size is 100 kvar @ 480V / 600V.
 Maximum bank size 1.20 Mvar @ 480V / 600V
 3 steps (90‘‘H x 38‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 4 steps (90‘‘H x 50‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 5 steps (90‘‘H x 62‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 6 steps (90‘‘H x 74‘‘W x 20‘‘D)
 Cable entry: top, bottom or side
 Up 12 steps configuration with slave unit

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Capacitor Bank – Series, CLMM & CLMR

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RVT Controller
 Smart controller
 Color touchscreen
 Communication option
 cULus approved
 Full data readout
 6 or 12 steps
 Preset power factor
 User settable

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© ABB Group
RVT Controller
 Intuitive touch-screen interface
 Individual phase p.f. correction for unbalanced loads
 Individual phase measurements (V, A, PF, kVA and kWh…)
 Graphical display of voltage & current and harmonics spectrum
 Communications: Modbus, Ethernet, USB and Can bus (for future use)
 Real time clock
 One alarm relay (NO/NC) and one FAN relay
 Up to 8 temperature probes

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Communication locked
RVT Controller
Active output
Inactive output are
not highlighted
Temperature alarm
Temperature normal
Unlock (software)
Locked (software)
Communication unlocked
Locked (hardware)
Unlock (hardware)
Alarm active
Alarm inactive
Setting mode
Warning
Mode change
Online help
On demand
Off demand
Manual mode
Auto mode
Close window
Validation
Next page

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RVT Controller – quickstart guide in brochure
Start here:
Finish here.
1. Start screen, Click “Settings”: 2. Click commissioning: 3. Click automatic: 4. Click OK: 5. Click OK: 6. Select type of connection
7. Click OK: 9. Click OK: 10. Click OK:8. Lock or unlock the “Bank
settings - OK:
11. Click OK: 12.Input CT scaling: 50:
13. Click OK: 15. Click OK: 16. Click OK:14. Click OK: 17. Click OK: 18. Click OK:
19. Click OK: 21. Automatic commissioning completed:20. Click OK:

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RVT Controller – intuitive and simple interface

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© ABB Group
RVT versatile features
Highly efficient switching strategy
t (s)
Q (kvar)
C1 ON C2 ON
C1 OFF
Target cos ϕ
C2 ON
C1 ON
C3 ON
C1 OFF
C2 OFF
t (s)
Q (kvar)
C3 ON
Target cos ϕ
Direct: switches the biggest steps first to reach the target
cos ϕ faster
Progressive: switches the steps sequentially, one by one
5 switching 1 switching

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© ABB Group
RVT Controller – efficient switching
Linear: first in, last out Circular: first in, first out

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© ABB Group
RVT Controller – 3-ph or 1-ph
 RVT three phase model: RVT12
 Up to 3 ph voltage and current
measurements
 Five different CT connection types
 RVT base model: RVT6 and RVT12
 1 ph voltage and current
measurements
 Three different CT connection
types
 Note: set connection type manually

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© ABB Group
Individual phase power factor control are necessary for:
 Single phase loads industrial, PH-PH
 Single phase loads residential and commercial, PH-N

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© ABB Group
 For unbalanced networks
 Typical outputs setting for 6 steps of 3-phase caps and 2
steps of 1-phase caps

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© ABB Group
RVT Controller – harmonic spectrum and values
Select
measurement
to display
zoom in /
out the
chart
Select
measurement
to display

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© ABB Group
RVT Controller – upto 8 temp probe i/p
T1 T2 T8

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© ABB Group
RVT Controller – real time clock

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RVT Controller – Modbus, Ethernet, USB, Software
Ethernet
Note: check with ABB about version
compatibility for Modbus adapter
USB
To put RVT on USB or Ethernet and OPC
server for Modbus
Software

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Dynacomp – for fast varying loads with low p.f.
 Automotive welding
 Cranes & hoists
 Presses, etc
Problems:
 Decreased power
transmission efficiency
 Voltage fluctuations and/or
collapse, Flicker
Other issues:
 Tend to be large loads
 Can be weak networks

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Dynacomp – heart of the beast
 Measure fast and react fast
 Thyristors = SCR = Silicon Controlled Rectifiers

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Dynacomp – Dynaswitch
Thyristors
RC snubbers
Fixings
Terminals for power
cables
Heatsinks Thermal
protection
Controller
Fan
 2 pairs of antiparallel HV
thyristor modules
 Aluminium heat sinks
 Thermal protection
 Firing control circuit
 Only full alternations of
current allowed (hence, no
harmonics or transients)

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Dynacomp – why is it better for fast varying loads?
SCR switched banks
 Near instantaneous response
 No disturbances at caps switching
 No maintenance = fit & forget
 Low losses
 Theoretically unlimited operations
Contactor switched banks
 Time delay to discharge capacitors
 High inrush current
 Limited life of the contactors
 Fixed step size
 Can create disturbances

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 Response time
 Less than 1 cycle in open loop
 Max 3 cycles in closed loop
 Instantaneous in external trigger (after first firing)
 Transient free switching (no inrush current)
 Harmonic absorption (reactors allowed)
 Infinite number of switching
 400 kvar max. step size (at 600V)
 Single-phase or three-phase
 50Hz or 60Hz
Dynacomp – key features

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Dynacomp – RVT-D
User-friendly
 Monochrome alphanumeric + graphic
display with menus & help
 Keyboard
 Intuitive parameter settings
Measurements
 V, I, P, cos-phi, distortion p.f.
 Harmonics (bar graph and values)
 Temperature (2 sensor inputs)
 Logging function (peak and duration)

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Dynacomp – control types
Closed loop
 CT on line side
 CT on line side with additional CT in Dynacomp
Open loop
 Normal open loop (CT on the load side)
External trigger
 Without CT
 CT in open loop

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Dynacomp – SCR driven
Month DD, YYYY
 Dynamic compensation
 Instantaneous compensation to
real-time demand
 Specifically for rapid and
intermittent demand
 Built in Canada

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What‘s new? Qcap – key features
 Cylindrical design
 Compact
 Unique design
 cULus approved

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© ABB Group
Qcap – mechanical protection
SNAP on guard SNAP actuated
Rigid connections
Locked by groove Internal pressure OK Internal pressure NOK

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© ABB Group
Qcap – dimensions

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© ABB Group
Qcap – spec
 Voltages available: from 380 to 600 V
 Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
 Connection: 3-phase
 Net output power: from 12.5 to 30 kvar
 Tolerance on capacitance: 0%, +10%
 Typical losses:
 < 0.2W/kvar (dielectric only)
 < 0.5W/kvar (including discharge resistors)
 Discharge resistor: discharge from Un to 50V in 1 minute
 Max permissible current: 1.3 x In for continuous operation
 Tolerance on voltage: 30% for maximum 1 min.

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© ABB Group
Qcap – spec
 Case material: recyclable aluminum
 Color: raw aluminum
 Fixing: single stud (M12)
 Weight: approx. 3kg
 Terminals: Cage screws
 Minimum clearance above unit: 20mm
 Earth: earth connection on the fixing bolt
 Installation: indoor use only (inside enclosure)
 Temperature : -25°C to +55°C (class D per IEC 60831)
 Altitude: up to 2000m
 Protection degree: IP20
 Cable section: up to 16mm²

© ABB
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© ABB Group
Qcap – range

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What‘s new? Qcap – strategy
 Commercial applications
 Malls
 Towers
 Warehouses
 Small industrial sheds
 Price-sensitive market

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Harmonic Distortion
What is it? Some key words …
 Definition: integer multiples of the fundamental frequency of any
periodical waveform are called Harmonics
 Waveform = oscillations (e.g., waves in the ocean, guitar
string, pendulum, electricity, sound, light, etc.
 Resonance = oscillations going out of control
 At certain frequencies, harmonics result in resonance
 Tacoma Bridge Collapse (Youtube)

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Harmonic Distortion
What is it? Everyday examples of distortion ...
 What if you go ON – OFF – ON – OFF
continuously on a garden hose? What if you did
that with 4 hoses?
 What if everyone in a building were to flush their
toilets at the same instant?
 What if every light, fan and A/C in this building is
switched OFF and ON at the same instant?
 What if 10 people got on a garden bridge and
jumped up and down at the same time?
 What if 10 people crowded up the back of a van?
 Why do airliners have a speed cap of 850 kmph?
 Now imagine something like this on an electrical
network …

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Harmonic Distortion
H1 + H5 + H7
h = kq ± 1, where k = any integer, q = pulse number on the converter
Hence, for 6-pulse drive h = 5 & 7 and for 12 pulse, h = 11 & 13 …

© ABB
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Harmonic Distortion
How is it represented?
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25
Time domain
Frequency domain
1
2
2
C
C
THD k
k∑=
=
 C substituted by V or I
 THD = Total Harmonic Distortion, based on measured value
 TDD = Total Demand Distortion, total load demand denominator
 IEEE 519 defines TDD <5% at PCC, for networks below 69kV
L
k
k
I
I
I
TDD
∑=
= 2
2

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Harmonic Distortion
Where does it come from?
On electrical networks:
 Any device with electronic switching
components
 Examples include phone chargers, car
chargers, power supplies, LED lighting,
UPS, transmission equipment, data centres,
etc.
 Largest source of harmonics today is VFD’s

© ABB
| Slide 65
Harmonic Distortion
What are the effects?
 Heats up equipment
 Reduces operating life of equipment, cables, motors, etc.
 Causes false tripping of circuit breakers, blown fuses, etc.
 Affects electronic control circuits (example, ECG in hospitals)
 Affects communication circuits (example, telecom)
 Can affect power factor
 Potential risk of downtime and production losses

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Harmonics Mitigation
What is the business relevance?
Somewhat like medical insurance … you don’t know you
need it until you really do !!
How do you know it’s needed? Network analysis
Benefits to end-users …
1. Prevents unexpected shutdowns and downtime
2. Increases operating life of equipment on plant
3. Ensures network is not polluted
4. Prevents harmonics from spreading upstream

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PWM Inverter
(IGBT-based)
Line reactor
PWM
reactor
Output filter
Control system
Active Filters – how do they work?

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Filter up to H13
Filter up to H25
ABB
Filter up to H50
 Technical requirements
 Regulation requirements
Active Filters – filtering out the entire range

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| Slide 70
Active Filters – why closed loop?
Closed loop control
Directly control & measure THDI and total
load current then compensate
Future extent ion = easy
VFD VFD VFD VFDVFDPQF
Other loads
spare
CT : x/5A
Control point
Open loop operation
THDI = ? unknown
Total loads = ? Unknown
Pass/fail regulation = ? Unknown
Accuracy drop !
Future extent ion =?
VFD VFD VFD VFDVFDAF?
Other loads
spare
Control point
CT CT CT CTCT:x/1A
SCT

© ABB
| Slide 71
Active Filters – why closed loop?
 Directly measure and control harmonic current flowing to network
 No risk of wrong THDI calculation
 Can verify harmonic according to regulation directly
 Simple CT connection
 Normal CT X/5A class 1 is sufficient
 Easy for future harmonic load extensions
 Better accuracy & safety
 Appropriate for local & global compensation

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| Slide 72
Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:25:43.533
CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps
Volts
Amps
10:25:43.72 10:25:43.73 10:25:43.74 10:25:43.75 10:25:43.76 10:25:43.77 10:25:43.78
-750
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Voltage: THDV = 12% Current: THDI = 27%
Active Filters – example with VFD in oil field
LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENTS AT PUMPING CLUSTER

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Waveform event at 22/11/01 10:41:55.533
CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts CHA Amps CHB Amps CHC Amps
Volts
Amps
10:41:55.72 10:41:55.73 10:41:55.74 10:41:55.75 10:41:55.76 10:41:55.77 10:41:55.78
-750
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
Voltage: THDV = 2% Current: THDI = 3%
Active Filters – example with VFD in oil field
LINE VOLTAGES & LINE CURRENT WITH ACTIVE FILTER

© ABB
| Slide 75
Max. Filtering &
Q Compensation
Maximum
Filtering
Filtering to
Curve
Filtering to
Hardware Limits
Load
increase
Load
decrease
PQF Active Filter Controller – mode changing

© ABB
| Slide 76
Key Features of PQF – why is it the best?
1. Eliminates up to 50th harmonic
2. 20 individual harmonics at a time (spectrum) with individual presets
3. Unsurpassed harmonic attenuation factor (≥ 97% typical)
4. 3-phase, 3-wire, closed loop control for maximum precision
5. 100A, 180A, 320A ++, scalable upto 8 units, any combination
6. Master-slave or master-master with full redundancy
7. cULus approved
8. User settable parameters
9. Stepless load balancing and reactive power compensation (Mode2)
10. Zero risk of overloading due to parallel connection
11. Zero risk of overheating due to auto-derating function
12. Produced in Belgium

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| Slide 77
Why ABB?
Value-add, ABB-style
1. Our caps & filters work with any make & brand of switchgear or
MCC equipment
2. Global presence – valuable for OEM’s, multinationals, etc.
3. Local presence – expertise in design, engineering, assembly,
sales and marketing
4. Local support at all stages from selection to commissioning
5. Service support from ABB and service partners

© ABB
| Slide 78
Why ABB?
How are we promoting Power Quality?
1. Starts with awareness at end-user level
2. Our own installed base
3. Reach out to utilities, engineering consultants, EPCs
4. Engineering shows, events …
5. Distribution channels
6. Outside –> in approach, tailored to each region, vertical …

Power Quality Systems and Power Factor Correction Presentation

Power Quality Systems and Power Factor Correction Presentation

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