this ppt is related to English language and literature, about the morphology

2. DEFINE MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHEME
• Morphology is the study of internal structure of the words while
a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in language
• For example, in the word ‘cats’, there are two morphemes. ‘Cat’
and ‘S’ of Plural. These two morphemes formed the word cats.
• But, in the word ‘category’, ‘cat’ is not morpheme because the
word ‘Egory’ is the preliminary of part of the word. So, the word
consists of only one morpheme.
•

3. • While in the word ‘categorize’, it is
• In ‘Categorized’ –
• Forget about how a word is spelled! Concentrate on what parts of theh word you
say carry meaning
Category + ize = cateogorize
Category + ize + d = categorized
Tip
Does the sum of the parts equal theh meaning of the
whole?
If yes, probably more thhan one morpheme. If no,
only one morphene

4. SOME EXAMPLES
Overestimating Over + Estimate + Ing 3
Keyboard Key + board 2
Cranberry Cranberry 1
antidisestablishmentarianism Anti +di + establish + ment
arian + ism
6
Forthcoming Forth + come + ing 3

5. TYPES OF MORPHEMES
• Morphemes are of two types
1. Free morphemes
2. Bound morphemes
• Free morphemes divided into
• Lexical Morphemes
• Functional morphemes
• Bound morphemes divided into
• Derivational morphemes
• Inflectional morphemes

6. FREE MORPHEMES
Lexical morphemes
Functional morphemes
Free Morphemes: They can stand
alone as individual words like cat, vital,
laugh

7. LEXICAL MORPHEMES
• Lexical morphemes – free morphemes that carry the content of our utterances.
• Lexical morphemes include
• Nouns
• Verbs
• Adjectives
• adverbs
• Lexical morphemes are opened class

8. FUNCTIONAL MORPHEMES
• functional morphemes – free morphemes that serve a more grammatical role,
connecting words together within and across sentences
• Functional morphemes include
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• articles
• They are closed morphemes

9. BOUND MORPHEMES
Derivational morphemes
Inflectional morphemes
A bound morpheme is a word element that cannot
stand alone as a word, including both prefixes and
suffixes

10. DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES
• Derivational morphemes that help to create new words
and can change the lexical category of a word like the
affixes pre-, un-, -er, -ful
• For example, pre + determine = predetermine, in this
example, the prefix ‘pre-’, gives a meaning ‘before’ to
the stem word ‘determine’ while pre- never stands
alone.
• In teacher, teach + -er. The agentive –er, made the verb
‘teach’ noun. That is how works the bound morphemes
NOTE:
All prefixes in English are
derivational prefixes, but
not all derivational
morphemes in English
are prefixes

11. INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES
• Inflectional Morphemes: bound morphemes that serve a grammatical role in
English like –d in deceived
• They cannot create new words in a language or change the lexical category of
a word in a language
• There are only 8 inflectional morphemes in English

12. INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES
Plural –s
Possessuve – ‘s
3rd person singular –s
-ed (past tense)
-ing (present participle
-en (past Participle)
-er (comparative0
Est (superlative)

13. SOME EXAMPLES
• Played = play + ed
• World’s = world + ‘s
• Wider = wide + r
• Largest = large + est
• Walking = walk + ing
• Driven = drive + n
• Books = book + s
• His = he + s