Children Obesity in Africa America and Hispanic_DRAFT

Running head: OBESITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC CHILDREN
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Obesity in African American and Hispanic Children
Minerva Sanchez
National University

OBESITY IN AFRICAN AMERICAN AND HISPANIC CHILDREN
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Executive Summary
According to the recent research done by World Health Organization, obesity has now
been considered a world pandemic. This follows its spread worldwide even in countries which
were considered obesity free zone due to high number of malnutrition. Initially, people perceive
it as a mare complexion of over eating which will eventually varnish as soon as the victim starts
hard physical exercise and “starvation”. Less than two decades ago, the reported cases of
children obesity was highest in America while Africa recorded the lowest level of obese cases as
compared to other continents. The result stated that Africa had the least cases because of the high
number of malnutrition and less influence from the modern life style. America (USA) had the
highest number of obesity because children were exposed to junk food and modern luxurious life
style which doesn’t put more emphasis on human physical status and fitness.
Two decades later however, the above record was turned upside by the developing
countries the moment they got exposed to the modern life styles and the result was even more
worrying than before. The research carried in 2010 by World Health Organization reported that
43 million children, of which 35 million of them came from developing countries, were
diagnosed of obesity and overweight, followed by other 92 million who were estimated to be at
risk of being obese. According to the ever increasing trend of obese, the researchers were able to
determine that by 2020, the cases of obese would have increase from 6.7 percent to 9.1 percent
while in Africa, it would increase from 8.5 percent to 12.7 percent if necessary health standards
and precautionary measures will not be considered especially in children.
There are various causes of obesity mostly linked to modern living standards such as
watching Television, a person`s physical activity, influence from the society, type of food being
consumed, a person`s psychology, genetic inheritance and many others.

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Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Ch1. Background
Ch1.2 Causes of Obesity
Ch1.2.1 Activities and daily behaviors
Ch1.2.2 Societal influence
Ch1.2.3 Increased portion of unhealthy food
Ch1.2.4 Lack of breastfeeding among children
Ch1.2.5 Genes and inheritance
Ch1.2.6 Too much television exposure
Ch1.3 Effects of obesity
Ch1.3.1 High blood pressure
Ch1.3.2 Type II diabetes
Ch1.3.3 Asthma
Ch1.4 Health conditions
Ch1.5 Signs and symptoms
Ch1.6 Diagnosis of obesity
Ch1.7 Treatment of obesity
Ch1.7.1 Modified diet
Ch1.7.2 Medication
Ch 2. Methods
Ch2.1 Introduction
Ch2.2 Philosophy of the research
Ch2.3 Research methodology
Ch2.4 Data collection

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Ch2.4.1 Secondary data
Ch2.4.2 Primary data
Ch2.5 Research design
Ch 3 Results
Ch 4 Data Collection
References

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BACKGROUND
Childhood Obesity, as it is being called, refers to complex health condition in which a
child`s weight is above the standard weight for any child as at that particular age or time. Obesity
among children is considered or is associated with complex health problems and the fear of
premature sickness which might result into death. It’s a complication which results due to excess
consumption or accumulation of excess energy in the body than the body can utilize or breaks
down through cellular metabolic activities and series of physical activities over a long period of
time (Johansson, Mander and Emmet, 2008). For a long time, this disease was never considered
a serious ailment until in the recent years that it’s rising and the death rate posed a debate which
later led to it being declared a worldwide pandemic by the World Health Organization.
(Rideout and Roberts, 2010).
According to different reports released by different scholars and organizations who did
research on the subject within the last decade, there has been a steady increase rates of obese
cases in Latin America and Africa, researches which have drawn much attention from
International Health institutions to come together and define a way to curb the situation. Children
suffering from overweight and obesity are three times likely to be affected by serious mental and
physical problems which are usually expensive to manage than the normal children. These
mental and physical ailments usually cause them to grow up to adults with poor mental and
physical outcomes (Johansson, Mander and Emmet, 2008). Extensive research on the subject has
also revealed that obese children are twice more likely to be obese when they are adult over the
normal children (those who have not been affected by the obesity).
Initially, most people and health practitioners believed that obesity was caused by eating
too much food which has high content of lipids. These led to world government to start a heated

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campaign against consumption of fatty or cholesterol filled foods. Manufactures of commercial
food were left with no other choice except to reduce the amount of fat in their manufactured food
and also to find a possible replacer to the already infamous fat (Rideout and Roberts, 2010).
After extensive research, carbohydrate, to be the specific sugar, was found to be the suitable
alternative to fat. This led to a new era where manufactured food contains a lot of sugar and less
or no fat. Two decades later however, another research was done on the individuals who were
affected by obesity. The result was more surprising because instead of the victims affected with
obesity reducing, it increased by almost twice as before when people were consuming calorized
foods (Jerry, 2015). These result send chills of confusion among people as they try to find out the
reason behind the above results.
Scientist in collaboration with the health institutions did a research in order to solve the
above confusing and unresolved mystery. It’s only from this that the scientist found out that in
the body system, fats and sugar (glucose) perform the same function in the body (Jerry, 2015).
According to them, the same way fat is broken down in the body during metabolism to produce
energy in the body, sugar or glucose is also broken down by the body cells during metabolic
reactions and if they are in excess, they are stored as glycogen within the walls of the body
tissues and keeps on accumulating if not broken down. The accumulations and deposition of
glycogen and excess fat around the walls of the body tissues is what causes obesity (diets.com,
2015).
In order to put there point across, they stated that people were not offered the obesity
scape goat when they were introduced to sugar consumption in place of fat. Instead, they were
ushered to the abyss of obesity via another route. Obesity in children is an issue of growing
concerns. This is in relation to the 2010 research done which stated that about 5% of U.S

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children who are obese are 70% more likely to develop with the complication to their adulthood.
A similar research done on the Hispanic children proved that about 9% of the obese children are
likely to develop and grow with the complication to adulthood.
Causes Of Obesity
When more research was done on the subject, health scientist were able to confirm that
there were other factors which lead to contraction of the pandemic apart from the common fats
(lipids) and sugar (glucose). They were also able to establish the relationship between the causes
of childhood obesity and the adulthood obesity in that in both cases, the cause are the same
factors. Most of the causes were pointed out to the luxury living standard of modern life.
Activities and daily behaviors. According to the recommended healthy behaviors,
frequent physical exercise and activities and appropriate healthy diet should be considered
(Katherine and Et al, 2015). Obesity has been proven to be caused by accumulation of excess fats
and glucose in the body than the cells can break down during metabolic reactions. Body cells
only breaks down deposited fats and glucose in accordance to the amount of energy it requires at
a given time or to perform a specific activity. Excess fats and glucose are never broken down.
This is the reason why every child is recommended to conduct exercise to increase body’s
energy consumption to break down a larger portion of stored fats and glucose(Johansson,
Mander and Emmet, 2008). Children are also advised to emphasize more on eating vegetables,
fruits, lean proteins, whole grains, fat free or low fat dairy products and taking a lot of water
daily. The above foods were considered to be easily broken down by the children`s metabolic
cells as opposed to others.

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Societal influence. Modern life style has been influenced and featured by the
environment which promote consumption of less and inappropriate healthy food and which also
don’t put emphasis on the physical activities. It’s almost impossible for the modern children to
make appropriate choices when it comes to the recommended healthy food and physical
activities. These societal factors includes less advertisement of inappropriate healthy foods
(Rideout and Roberts, 2010). The research proved that in most developed and underdeveloped
states, the manufacturers makes food high in calories and which are also highly advertised while
there are no similar advertisement on the healthy foods which children can be educated from.
Another societal influence is the absence of recreational facilities. In many developed
counties, the community have been designed with no recreational centers and in a way that
makes it impossible for children to access the social recreational centers where they can conduct
daily exercise. In some places it’s even worse because of the presence of unsafe routes for biking
or walking to school (Rideout and Roberts, 2010). Limited access to stores which deals in
provision of healthy food. The study has indicated that most people who are obese are those who
have limited access to stores which deals with healthy foods i.e. supermarkets which allows
appropriate self-selection to food stuffs like fruits and vegetables. Another cause is the high
availability of dense energy food stuffs among children (Rideout and Roberts, 2010). It goes
without no denial or argument that most manufacturers who specializes in manufacturing
children foods normally use a lot of fat contents and high sugar contents to lure them to buy their
foods. Higher energy and fat content foods have been identified as the major cause of obesity
and by manufacturing such foods, children are at a high risks of becoming obese (Rideout and
Roberts, 2010).

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Increased portion of unhealthy foods. Increase in portion sizes of unhealthy food stuffs
have also been linked to increased cases of obesity (Wright, 2012). It has been established that
manufacturers, restaurants, vending machines and grocery stores which produces high calorized
foods have decided to increase the portion sizes of their products so as to attract more
“customers”. Research reported that children are more attracted to such food and eats more
without realizing the dangers they are being exposed to (Wright, 2012).
Lack of breast-feeding among children. The research conducted by World Health
Organization revealed that most children are obese because of lack of breastfeeding. These
followed the scientist report which stated that a mother`s breast milk has necessary nutrients
which protect the infants from becoming obese (CDC, 2015). This comes amid tendency in
which most mothers today don’t breast fed their children up to 6 months.
Genes and inheritance. Health science has also proven that apart from assimilating
things from our environment which causes obesity, genes has also been proven to be the cause of
obesity though at a lower rate. This involves passage of gene from parents to child during
conception. Parents who have obesity are more likely to give birth to obese children than the
normal parents (CDC. 2015). Gene has been linked to increase of weight gain due to their
interaction with other factors in the environment. Prenatal influence has also seen the spread of
or passage of the obesity from mother to child. The report indicated that mothers or women who
smoke or are overweight while pregnant are also more likely to give birth to children who
eventually becomes overweight or obese when they are adult (CDC, 2015). Excessive gain of

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weight during infancy has been attributed to also higher source of adulthood obesity although the
chances can be reduced through breastfeeding.
Too much television exposure. The recent research done by Center for disease control
and prevention and World Health Organization revealed that most obese children were due to
being exposed in watching Television (CDC, 2015). Television has been linked to increased rate
of obesity because according to the research, most victims were being influenced by what they
always see on Television. These includes watching of misleading unhealthy food adverts which
lured them to assimilate the highly calorized foods advertised on Television. Television has also
been blamed for airing inappropriate programs to children which puts more emphasis on the
proper child growth and development. The report indicated that most programs being aired were
more of adult oriented than children`s (CDC, 2015).
Another insignificant factor which Television has contributed to high spread of obesity is
through laziness (Jerry, 2015). Researchers established that at least a half of the total obese
children examined were television addicts. Children stated that they could stay glued to
television the whole day as they watch their long list of favorite programs aired at different but
randomly at different time of the day. This has denied the addicts chance to go out door, do
some exercise or take a walk around the street and to keep their mind busy by exploring their
world and discovering new ideas.
Lack of sleep and rest has also been attributed to one of the passive causes of obesity
(Wright, 2015).

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Effects Of Obesity
Obesity is a serious epidemic which if not taken care of at early stages, might interfere
with the body immunity to fight disease and expose the victims to variety of serious diseases and
ailments. Some of the ailments includes;
High blood pressure. Obesity has been closely link to the contraction of high blood
pressure (Ramirez, 2015). According to the study conducted by Center for Disease Control and
Prevention, 80% of victims who were affected by high blood pressure were initial victims of
obesity. High blood pressure is a cardio vascular disease which is defined as blood pressure that
is normally above 140mmHg and 90 mmHg of systolic and diastolic blood pressures respectively
(Ramirez, 2015). It is a disease which stresses the blood vessels to clog and weaken. The
research also revealed that the disease has affected not less than 970 million people worldwide
with 330 million people from developed countries and the other 640 million people from under
developed countries. The disease is caused by accumulation of excess cholesterol in the body
which is due to obesity and overweight.
Type 2 diabetes. Obesity also increases chances of contracting or developing the most
common type of diabetes known as Type 2 diabetes. With type 2 diabetes, the body makes
insulin but cells become resistant to insulin and cellular metabolic reactions ( Wright, 2015 ).
Being overweight or obese gives more stress to inside of the each cell. This also stress the
membranous network contained inside the endoplasmic reticulum. If the endoplasmic reticulum
contains more nutrients than it can accommodate, it signals the cells to deactivate the receptors
which handles the insulin on the surface of the cells. This in return causes the insulin to be

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resistance to glucose and so the glucose will accumulate in the blood hence, causes diabetes type
2 (Hecht and Hecht, 2015).
Asthma. Scientist have now established the close link between asthma and obesity.
According to Dr. Miller of Every Day Health (2015), people with obesity are at high risk of
contracting asthma because of the symptoms similarity such as difficulty in breathing and
wheezing sounds. It has been confirmed that obesity induces pertinent physiological process
which provide appropriate grounds for the growth of Asthma (Nhlbi.nih.gov, 2015). Obesity
generated mechanical stress caused by thoracic and abdominal fat results to the stiffening of
lungs and movements of diaphragm which in turn results to induction of lung`s resting volume
e.g. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC). This reduced Functional and Residual Capacity leads
due to obesity leads to the development of asthma.
Health Conditions
Study has also revealed that there are some bodily hormones which leads to someone
contracting obesity (Nhlbi.nih.gov, 2015). This hormones includes hypothyroidism, Polycystic
Ovarian Syndrome or PCOS and Cushing`s syndrome. Underactive thyroid or hypothyroidism is
simply a condition in which enough thyroid hormone is not created by thyroid gland. If the body
lacks thyroid hormone, then there will be reduced metabolic activities which in turn results in to
accumulation of fat and glycogen in the body leading to development of obesity and overweight
(Nhlbi.nih.gov, 2015). Cushing`s syndrome on the other hand refers to a condition where the
adrenal gland makes excess cortisol hormone. This syndrome can also develop if high doses of a
particular medicine like Prednisone is assimilated into the body for a long time.

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Cushing`s syndrome is signified by a victim gaining a lot of weight, deposition of fat on
the neck, rounded face and obesity on the upper parts of the body. PCOS is a condition that is
caused when the body creates excess androgen hormones. It’s a complication which normally
affects most women during child bearing age. Its symptoms include excessive growth of hair,
obese, reproductive health problems and others.
Signs And Symptoms Of Obesity
It’s easy for someone to know if they have Obesity. The major symptom of obesity is
gaining of weight. Research has found that people with obesity gain weight with time and so its
difficult for them to determine whether the weight gained is due to obesity or just a normal
weight gained in relation to individual`s living standards (Jerry, 2015). This makes it difficult for
most people to determine the initial development stages of obesity and take the necessary
precautions. Other symptoms includes trouble while sleeping, development of skin complexity
due to moisture cause by high accumulation of skin folds, Varicose veins, gallstones, osteothritis
around the weight bearing joints, breathing difficulty and sleep apnea.
Diagnosis Of Obesity
In order for someone to affirm that he or she is obese, then there Body Mass Index (BMI)
must be calculated. BMI refers to measuring of fat deposited in the body based on the body’s
weight against the height (Jerry, 2015). It’s normally applied by adults aged 20 and above. It
uses mathematical equation that takes into accounts the individual`s weight and height. Its
obtained by measuring a person`s weight in Kgs and dividing the result by height measured in
Meter square i.e. BMI= weightheight. To calculate the formula in pounds, you divide the given

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weight in pounds with height measured using inches squared and multiply the resulting division
by 703.
According to healthy weight as stated in BMI index should be more than 19 but less than
or equal to 25. A person is said to have obesity if his or her BMI is greater than or equal to 30
which also equates to 30 pounds excess weight. BMI is a system that’s adopted and being used
by World Health Organization. Below is the definition of various results as measured using
BMI.
BMI between 25 and 29.9 is referred to as Pre Obese
BMI between 30 and 34.99 is recorded as Obese Class 1
BMI between 35 and 39.9 is recorded as Obese Class 2. And,
BMI greater than or equal to 40 is recorded as Obese Class 3.
In Children however, the procedure is not the same. Children`s BMI is measured
clinically using the standard weight definitions status for all the clinics worldwide. These
standards are;
Clinical very underweight is less than 0.4th centile
Clinical low weight = less than 2nd centile.
Clinical healthy weight = 2 to 91st centile
Clinical overweight = more than 91st centile
Clinical Obese = more than 98th centile
Clinical extremely obese = more than 99.6th centile.

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Treatment of Obesity
Obesity, like most human body complications, can also be cured. Different approaches
have been put forward by doctors around the world. These approaches includes
Modified diet. The standard weight loss per week is at least 1 to 2 pounds. The victim
needs to consume between 500 and 1000 less caries daily. Fats have discovered to contain the
highest ounce of calories than proteins and carbohydrates which needs to be cut off or reduced
(Drugs.com, 2015). Even if the victims stops taking carbohydrates alone, they should also cut out
on fat as it’s the major carrier of lipids and cholesterol. They are advised to take healthy and
recommended fats such as polyunsaturated and monounsaturated oils in their diets (Drugs.com,
2015).
Medication. There are various forms of medication that have been prescribed by health
practitioners and scientist to treat or reduce obesity (Drugs.com, 2015). These drugs consists of
both over the counter and off the counter. Over the counter medications include the Orlistat and
xenical. Orlistat is a well-known and highly recommended over the counter drugs that is
assimilated in to the body at a lower dosage rate than the previously recommended and
prescribed drug, xenical. It induce absorption of fat in the intestine. In spite of difference in their
dosage, Orlistat and xenon still serves the same purpose. In addition to this over the counter
drugs, there are also some non-prescribed diet pills. Non prescribed or over the counter diet pills
contains ingredients that are known to reduce and maintain weight loss.

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METHODS
Introduction
This research aims at examining the total number of children who are affected with
obesity in Africa, America and Hispanic. The research also aims at finding, the factors that has
led to them to obese and the living standard in which the children are being exposed. In this sub
category we are going to discuss about the philosophy of the research and methods used in the
research.
Philosophy Of The Research
Philosophy of the research holds great significance which is required to be made and
designed on the constructs of the process of data development to be in accordance with the
research study (Creswell,2013). There are four classes of research philosophy that any research
paper should be in accordance with. These research classes of research philosophy includes
Pragmatism, realism, interpretivism and positivism (Yin,2013). This research has utilized the
research philosophical positivism in that it has diversified techniques and tools used in
positivism to represent the major extent of a process (Yin,2013).
Positivism refers to the proposed methodologies capacity requiring analysis task to bind
with social fact in which the explanations of data are obtained using free manner where data is
easily attained from external resources (Creswell,2013). The intention of using and
implementing positivism approach is to help or assist the researcher to attain the objectives and
discover the extent of children obesity in Africa America and Hispanic.

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ResearchMethodology
There are two distinct types of research methodologies; qualitative and quantitative
research methodologies. The type of research methodology applied in this research is the
quantitative methods. Research methodology is always selected after analyzing the significant
time element in decision making in the research. Quantitative type of research methodology
usually applies large number random samples, statistical approach and findings demonstrations
(Markey, 2013). It fulfills the objective of finding a present correlation iin the independent and
dependent variables in a specific size of the demography under study. Its outcomes are achieved
earlier than that of a qualitative research because it shows certain important elements such as
time schedule.
Data Collections
The data collected in this research has been collected through both primary and secondary data
sources.
Secondary data. Secondary data collection is an efficient mode of data collection usually
held before commencing the primary research. In order to affirm this, Markey (2013 )stated that
secondary data is the data that is collected from different and diverse sources that does not co-
relate with basic purpose and intentions of the research but utilized for the betterment of the
strategies combined together. This mode of data collection is based on the gathered sources from
textbooks, academic journals, electronic database and other print outs and publications that
provides diverse knowledge and sources for the collection of data.

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Primary Data. Primary data collection is the type data that is collected directly from the
field to fulfill the purpose of the research. This research assimilated the cluster sampling
design of survey to collect data directly from the field. Primary data sources consists of
important information and figures which forms the backbone of the research.
ResearchDesign
Stratified cluster technique of sampling was used to conduct the research. In order to get
accurate and reliable outcomes, the schools under survey were identified as clusters and then
sampled in accordance to the strata designed by their own states and through their participation
in the Free and Reduced Price Food Programs. Public elementary schools and kindergartens were
selected using the probability that is proportional to the size of the samples without being
replaced. Parents and guardians of the children were also notified and made aware of the
contributions of their children to this research.
Trained and qualified health care practitionists conducted the survey using the modern
equipment from the state to measure the height and weights of the students. In order for the
results to be more accurate, we, the researchers removed the implausible observations and
determined the sex specific and Body Mass Index BMI for the percentile of age using the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention body mass growth chart. Through cluster stratified
technique, schools were divided into two groups; by countries and by reduced price and free
meal program involvement rate.

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RESULTS
Out of all the eligible and appropriate schools in Africa America and Hispanic chosen for
the survey randomly chosen from all the states, a total of 374 volunteered to screen their heights
and weights. 17557 or 66% of the total 26,590 were able to return the consent forms while 15
209 or 57.2% released their consent forms. The researchers estimated the BMI for the 14 451
students which resulted into a total oral health response rate of 52.8%.
LIMITATIONS
The research sample was required to at least include all the samples from all the states in
Africa, America and Hispanic in an objective to include a broader range of children in the study
and also to obtain the number of obese children in each state. However due to scope of
participants, demography or population and time restrictions, we were only able to conduct a
cluster sample in a total of 1374 elementary and kindergarten schools and conclusions of the
research drawn from the outcomes provided by them. Due to time, it was not possible to conduct
regional sample survey in all the states so as to determine the most affected regions of a given
state. Some schools also did not comply with the researchers and therefore the survey was not
conducted in these schools. This compromised the study due to data comparison from the
schools as some schools were found to have higher number of obese children as opposed to
others.
Internet survey conducted was not considered very convenient since its only certain types of
people who endeavored to attempt the research and not all of them regardless of the outcomes
that they produced at specific time aimed at completing the study and surveys as at that time.
Internet surveys are also inefficient because of absence or lack of verification since the

20
researcher cannot establish or identify the respondent who has actually done or attempted the
given survey sample.
CONCLUSION
The result of the study revealed that about a quarter of the possible population of 2 to 5
years children in America and one a third of the school going children, adolescents being
included, are obese or overweight. The results further revealed that at least 30% of low income
preschoolers are also obese or overweight. America appeared to have already put in place some
measures and standards in their children to fight and reduce obesity. This was according to the
results which showed that the rate of obesity affected children has drastically reduced by 3% in
comparison to the previous study done in America (2014) by Center for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDCP). African and Hispanic children had the highest number of obese children.
The results also revealed that the southern parts of America, which consists of Tennessee,
Kentucky and Mississippi showed high numbers of obese children than any other state. Based
on the research, the highest number of obese girls were Hispanic. They had a total percentage of
37 which was followed closely by Africans at 36%. White girls had the least number of obese at
29.2%. The rank of the obese was still constant when it comes to the number of obese boys.
Hispanic recorded the highest number of obese boys at 40% which was 6% higher than the
percentage recorded on the African American boys. American boys also recorded the lowest
number of Obese at 27.8 percent. The outcome of Hispanic obese boys and black girls between
the ages of 12 to 19 were the most worrying.
According to the study, the total number of obese Hispanic boys aged 12 to 19 was 39
percent and that for African girls in that similar age group was 42 percent. The report of the

21
results revealed that the risk of obesity tends to rise among American immigrants children as
they try to get along with American nutrition and diet, life style and health status. The rate of
increase in childhood was higher among the immigrants who are trying to get accustomed to
American culture than those who have already settled and to Americans respectively. In relation
to the statistics gathered from the research, the rate of obesity affected children in African
American and Hispanic children was extremely higher than that of white children.
The study revealed that most children who were affected by the obesity was due to the
poor diet. The report stated that most obese children were highly exposed to unhealthy eating
behavior. Unhealthy eating behavior involves consuming a lot of highly calorized food and food
rich in carbohydrates such as sugar. Children stated that they highly feed on these “unhealthy
food” because they were easy to acquire, purchase and their quantity were also big. Another
factor which also contributed to children obesity at large was Television exposure. They stated
that they like watching and would postpone anything else just to watch their favorite programs
which in most cases were consecutive. This in turn made them to refrain from playing and
participation in outdoor events. Television also did not provide important features and programs
such as proper and healthy eating habits or how to avoid being obese to children. In contrast to
this, they put more adverts of unhealthy junky food which encourage them to consume them
more.
In conclusion, government in conjunction with teachers, parents and health practitioners
should device a way that will prevent their children from being obese. I highly recommend the
future researchers on the topic to expound more by adding research features such as what the
government has put in place to reduce the rate of obesity in children and the action taken by
media houses, to be specific television, to reduce obesity amongst its young viewers.

22
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