Climate change Green house gasses and their concentration status in atmosphere Global warming Different activities and policies for climate change Koyoto protocol Monitoring of green house gasses and monitoring satellites by different countries in atmosphere Carbon trading

1. WELCOME

2. Monitoring of greenhouse gases and their influence
on global warming and climate change
Course No. – PP 605
Credits - 2+0
Submitted to
Dr. D. V. Durge
Professor
Department of Agricultural Botany,
Presented by Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola
Minakshi R. Neware

3. Green House Gases
Any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the
greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation
produced by solar warming of the Earth's surface.
Greenhouse gas monitoring means?
 Measurement of greenhouse gases emission and their
levels.

4. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Produced by living organisms and fermentation.
 Released through - Natural processes
Respiration
Volcano eruptions
Human activities - Deforestation,
Land use changes
Burning fossil fuels.
 Emissions from fuel burning, responsible for about 87 % of
global warming, have increased by about 27 % since the
industrial revolution
 Before the Industrial Revolution, the atmospheric
concentration of CO2 was about 280 ppm.
 In March 2015, the monthly average went above 400 ppm
for the first time.
 India - world’s sixth largest emitter of CO2.

5. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the coolant, cleaning, and
propellant gases.
Blacklisted Internationally - ozone-eating characteristics.
Synthetic compounds
Industrial origin used in a number of applications, now
contribute to destruction of the ozone layer
The global warming potential of CFCs is 4,000 to 10,000
times that of CO2.

6. Methane:
Methane is a naturally occurring, in-flammable gas.
A hydrocarbon gas
Produced both through – Natural
- Wetland methane emissions
-Aerobic methane production
-Arctic methane emissions
Human activities
-Ruminant digestion
- Fossil fuel production
-Manure management associated with
domestic livestock.
It is a far more active greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide
But much less abundant in the atmosphere.

7. Nitrous oxides (N2O)
Naturally occurring from microbial action in soil.
Produced by fuel burning, soil cultivation practices, especially
the use of commercial and organic fertilizers, fossil fuel
combustion, nitric acid production, and biomass burning.
Scientists say its production is increased by the use of
nitrogen based fertilizers in agriculture, as well as by the use
of catalytic converters in automobiles.

8. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Very low atmospheric concentration makes it an ideal test
gas for gas concentration monitors.
Principle uses: insulating material for high-voltage equipment
like circuit breakers at utilities.
Also used in water leak detection for cable cooling systems.
SF6 is a man-made gas.

12. Different Agencies, Policies and
Satellite for monitoring on
Greenhouse Gases and doing different
activities to reduce Greenhouse
Gases

13. Global practices to reduce the emission
ICCA (The International Council for Chemical Association) has set eight principles for
reducing worldwide green house gas emission.
1. Develop a global framework to accelerate green house gas reduction, avoid market
distortions and minimize carbon leakage.
2. Focus on the largest, most effective and lowest cost abatement opportunities.
3. Push for energy efficiency
4. Development and Implementation of new technology.
5. Most efficient and sustainable use of available feedstock’s and energy.
6. Provide incentive for faster action by rewarding early movers that proactively
reduce their carbon emission.
7. Push for the most efficient and sustainable disposal, recovery and recycling options
8. Develop technology cooperation to support abatement in developing countries

14. Kyoto Protocol
 A protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), aimed at fighting global warming.
 Goal of achieving the "stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that
would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the
climate system.“
 Adopted on 11 December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and entered
into force on 16 February 2005.
 September 2011, 191 countries have signed and ratified the
protocol

15. Objectives of Kyoto Protocol
 Control emissions of the main anthropogenic (i.e., human-
emitted) greenhouse gases (GHGs)
 Stabilization
 Minimizing Impacts on Developing Countries by establishing
an adaptation fund for climate change.
 Accounting, Reporting and Review
 Establishing a Compliance Committee to enforce compliance
with the commitments under the Protocol.

16. Participation of countries in Kyoto Protocol
 Green indicates those countries who have signed and ratified
 Grey indicates those countries who have not yet decided
 Dark red indicates those countries who have no intension to
ratify it

17. India And Kyoto Protocol
India signed and ratified the Protocol in August, 2002.
Since India is exempted from the framework of the treaty, it
is expected to gain from the protocol in terms of transfer of
technology and related foreign investments.
India maintains that the major responsibility of curbing
emission rests with the developed countries, which have
accumulated emissions over a long period of time.

18. A scheme where firms (or countries) buy and
sell carbon permits as part of a programme to
reduce carbon emissions

19. Environmental carbon trading
 Allows the development of a market
 1 carbon credit = 100 metric tons of carbon dioxide
 Maintained in the form of Electronic certificates, like Demate
share Certificates
Types of Carbon Trading
1. Cap and trade (Emission trading)
2. Offset trading (Trading in Project-based Credits)

20. PARTIES INVOLVED IN CARBON TRADING
PROJECT ENTITY: Joint venture company or a limited
partnership that are set up specifically to undertake the project
SPONSOR: Supporter
LENDER: If the project is financed through debt, one or more
banks may be involved in providing this.
EQUITY PROVIDER: Equity may be provided by project
sponsors or third party investors who ensure that the project set
out in the business plan or prospectus.
CONSTRUCTOR: Who have responsibility for the completion of
the works, & often have to assume liability for finishing
construction on time and to budget.
OPERATOR: Person responsible for the operation and
maintenance of the project facilities once completed

21. ADVANTAGES OF CARBON TRADING
New cash source to companies who are able to maintain their emission levels well
within the permissible limits.
The overall ecological balance is preserved.
The company or country gets rewarded for applying clean technology in its
production process.
A much better corporate and social image which wins public approval.
Encourages activities like tree plantings which would help reduce soil salinity,
improve water quality and enhance biodiversity.

22. Indian market of carbon trading
 Key element of national and international counter measures to
neutralize the growth of such green house gases.
 India could emerge as one of the largest beneficiaries accounting for
more than 25 % of the total global carbon trade based on World Bank
Report
 India has emerged as the 2nd largest seller of carbon credits
 The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC): It has become the first rail
project in the world to earn carbon credits
 DMRC has earned the carbon credits by using regenerative braking
system in its trains that reduces 30% electricity consumption.

23. Indian Companies: Taking Advantage
15 projects approved by the UNFCCC so far, four are Indian
1. Gujarat Fluoro chemicals,
2. Kalpataru Power Transmission Ltd,
3. The Clarion power project in Rajasthan
4. The Dehar power project in Himachal Pradesh

24. Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite
 Japan operates their own satellite, the Greenhouse Gases
Observing Satellite (GOSAT). January 23, 2009, from
the Tanegashima Space Center.
 NASA currently operates a satellite named the Orbiting
Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2)
 Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) by 2012 to
monitor India's greenhouse gas emission.
 China recently launched their own satellite to monitor
greenhouse gas concentrations on Earth, the Tan Sat, in
December 2016

25. Conclusions
 India has a better opportunity for its industries to produce
carbon credits because India has a much less emission
level as compared to other developed nations.

26. THANK
YOU