Society advancing by science development

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SUSTAINABLE ECONOMICAL ADVANCING IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES BY SCIENCE DEVELOPMENT
Dr. Mile Ivanda
President of Croatian Humboldt Club
Ruđer Bošković Institute
Zagreb
CROATIA

2. http://www.humboldt-club.hr/

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1. TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY
Containers for transport of goods:
have led to huge reduction in port
handling costs, increased the speed
with which goods can reach
markets.
Airlines: the cost of air transport
has fallen, this has enabled much
greater volumes of goods being
transported by airlines.
FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION

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Telecommunications: facilitated by
the satellite communication devices,
facilities as telegraph, telephone
including mobiles, fax are used to
contact around the world, to access
the information instantly,& to
communicate in the remote areas.
Computer and internet: computers
have entered in almost all the fields.
Internet allows one to share
information on almost everything,
we can send instant e-mail and talk
through voice-mail across the world
at almost negligible cost.
2. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

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 Globalization lets countries do what they can do
best. If, for example, you buy cheap steel from
another country you don’t have to make your own
steel.
 You can focus on computers or other things.
 Globalization gives you a larger market. You can sell
more goods and make more money. You can create
more jobs.
 Consumers also profit from globalization.
 Products become cheaper and you can get new
goods more quickly.

7. In a globalizing, knowledge driven world with
increasing importance of service industries and
technological competitiveness, this contribution
can only become higher.
S & T as an engine for development
in global science ?
Consensus is emerging among policy makers and
economists that at least half, if not more, of the
economic growth in countries is directly
attributable to science and technology.

8. Corelation: GDP-PPP vs. citable documents per 1 M heads, 2014
GDP per capita based on PPP
(purchasing power parity)

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Technology Achievement Index - TAI
The Technology Achievement Index it is used by the UNDP (United Nations
Development Programme) to measure how well a country is creating and diffusing
technology and building a human skill base, reflecting capacity to participate in the
technological innovations of the network age. The TAI focuses on four dimensions of
technological capacity: creation of technology, diffusion of recent innovations,
diffusion of old innovations, human skills.

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51 Croatia
75 Serbia

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Contribution of
Manufacturing in
GDP: 12,5 %
GDP in Croatia
Sectors in GDP:
Agriculture
Construction
Manufacturing
Public Administration
Services

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Contribution of Manufacturing in GDP: 16,5 %
For comparison in China it is 34,6 %.
GDP in Serbia

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The Global Innovation Index 2018 provides detailed metrics about the
innovation performance of 126 countries and economies around the
world. Its 80 indicators explore a broad vision of innovation, including
political environment, education, infrastructure and business
sophistication.
The Global Innovation Index (GII) is an annual ranking of countries by
their capacity for, and success in, innovation. It is published by Cornell
University, INSEAD, and the World Intellectual Property Organization

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GII

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The economical advancing by science
has to be established through three
mutually strongly interconnected
phases:
a)basic research
b)technological development
c)production and marketing
ECONOMICAL ADVANCING

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The such goals could be achieved by special governmental
programs dedicated:
1) to recognize, adapt and further develop of high added
value technological products already present on the
world market,
2) to develop areas in which the country is significantly
better than their competitors because of a better trained
work force, favorable natural resources, or scientific and
technological capabilities,
3) to strengthen education and
4) to expand the role of science as advisers in both
government and industry.
ECONOMICAL ADVANCING

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29. 182 publicly funded research institutions, 13
centers of research excellence
15.000 staff in Research and Development,
approx.11.500 scientists and researchers
Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and
Development: 374,8 million euro (in 2015) = 0.85
% of GDP

30. Source: UNESCO SCIENCE
REPORT, http://uis.unesco.org
R&D SPENDING

31. Croatia
Co-citation networks
by Subject Areas
2011-2012

32. Slovenia
Co-citation networks
by Subject Areas
2011-2012

33. China
Co-citation networks
by Subject Areas
2011-2012

34. 587,7
500
413,5
400
300
155,1 153,3
88,7
60,1
39,4
0
100
600
700
Slovenia invest 4.7 times more than Croatia.
EU (28) Slovenia Greece Hungary Croatia Bulgaria Romania
$

35. 78
69
40
6
0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Researchers and Engineers per 10,000
workers
THE POWER OF HUMAN CAPITAL
JAPAN
USA
EU
China
LDCs Non-Asia
HR
1 paper
in 5 years

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37.  an autonomous, bottom-up, funding body set up by
the Croatian Parliament in December 2001 and led by
scientists
serves all branches of science and the humanities by
funding research projects at research universities and
other publicly funded research institutions in Croatia
Mandate: to promote technological development in
Croatia in order to ensure the development of economy
and to support employment
 Budget in 2016: approx. 13 million €
Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ)
www.hrzz.hr

38. Installation grants
Starters
(2-7 years after PhD)
up to € 267.000 for 5
years
Research grants
track-record of
significant research
achievements in the
last 5 years
up to € 134.000 for
2-4 years
Partnership in research
cooperation of industry and
science
up to € 200.000 for 3 years
Training of new
doctoral students
annual gross salary
during 4 year period
Specific calls
financed from private and other
sources

39.  Before 2013 HRZZ was not fully responsible for
funding of research activities
Before 2013 After 2013
Success rate % 75 30 - 40
Number of
financed projects
per year
2308 193
Grant value € 10.000 80.000 -
267.000
On average each HRZZ
project team has nine
members.

40.  5 000 researchers involved in projects
 Grants located in more than 60 different
institutions in Croatia
 Benchmarking effect: impact on national
programmes and agencies;
 Efficient and fast grant management

41. www.hrzz.hr

42.  Every country needs the capacity to understand and
adapt global technologies for local needs
 That small countries need only relevant technologies
is a ‘myth’
 There is urgent need in small countries for S & T
Capacity Building for transition to the knowledge
society
 Capacity building has to be continuum
 Strengthening science education at all levels
 Integration of immediate needs and long term vision
CONCLUSIONS

43. Croatian Humboldt Club wish
Serbian Humboldt Club
successful future activities
in
science promotion.
Thank you!

44. S & T Capacities -The Road Ahead
“…it is more appropriate to view innovations as the fusion of different
types of technology rather than as a series of technical breakthroughs.
Fusion means more than a combination of different technologies: it
invokes an arithmetic in which one plus one makes three”
F. Kodama
 That small countries need only relevant technologies
is a ‘myth’
 Every country needs the capacity to understand and
adapt global technologies for local needs
 Capacity building is a continuum
 Strengthening science education at all levels
 Integration of immediate needs and long term vision
There is urgent need in small countries for S & T
Capacity Building for transition to the knowledge society

45. Impact to Science - the Dawn of
Knowledge Era
21st century will be the century of knowledge societies
 that uses knowledge holistically to empower and
enrich people – and is an integral driver of sustainable
development (societal transformation)
 a life-long learning society committed to innovation
 has the capacity to generate, diffuse, utilize and
protect knowledge - creates economic wealth and
social equity
 enlightens people towards an integrated view of life as
a fusion of mind, body and spirit

46. Horizon 2020
€ 37.5 million
193 grants
11.23% success rate largest
financial support to area n9.
(Food security, sustainable
agriculture and forestry…)
ERC
€ 5.4 million
4% success rate
15 Croatian researchers are
implementing
an ERC grant abroad
(DE, CH, UK,
SI, AT…)
Source: http://www.obzor2020.hr;
PARTICIPATION IN HORIZON 2020 AND
ERC PROGRAMS

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48.  Competitive evaluation of projects proposals
 International Peer Review: evaluation of
project proposals includes Croatian and
international experts
 Principles of quality, transparency, equality of
treatment, efficiency and speed, confidentiality,
and respect for ethical principles

49. Biomedical sciences
19%
Biotechnology
9%
Social sciences
12%
Humanities
14%
Natural sciences
29%
Technical sciences
17%

50.  stable funding of research in regular long-term
and foreseeable multi-year cycles.
 special emphasis on the training of doctoral
students and early career researchers
 promotes close ties between research and
industry as well as with researchers abroad
 promotes Involvement of the Croatian Scientific
Community in the European Research Area
(ERA)

51.  Evaluation of progress every 12 months
 Two-stage evaluation procedure done by
more than 430 Croatian scientists
67 workshops
organized
3122
published scientific
papers
10 patent
Applications
3069
presentations at
conferences

52.  Strengthening mentoring capacities by
evaluating mentors scientific qualities
 Young scientists are directly involved in
scientific research
Biomedical
sciences
16%
Biotechnolog y
and Technical
sciences
36%
Social
sciences and
Humanities
15%
Natural
sciences
33%
335 PhD
students and
68 post-docs
were
employed