2. *
1. By a man senior in status or age to a person
junior to him, or by a father to his child.
しごと
しろ!
しゅくだいを
わすれるな!
3. *
2. Between men who are friends or couples. In
this case, the particle よ is often attached at
the end of the sentence to soften the tone.
そんなに
おこるなよ。
元気、だせよ。
4. *
3. When there is not enough time to be very polite, e.g.
when giving instructions to a large number of people in a
factory or during an emergency etc. Even in this case, they
may be used only by men senior in status or age.
待て!
はしるな!
5. *
4. When a command is required during training
many people or making students take exercise at
schools and sports clubs.
はしれ!
6. *
5. When cheering at sporting events. In this
case the expressions below are sometimes used
by women as well.
7. *
6. When a strong impact or brevity is required,
as in a traffic sign or in a slogan.
8. *
*Imperative and prohibitive forms are used when you
force a person to do something
*Prohibitive forms are used to command a person not
to do something
*Both forms have strong coercive connotations so
much, so that the use of these forms alone or at the
end of an imperative sentence is very limited.
*In colloquial expressions, the use of either form is,
in most cases, limited to male speakers
9. *
imperative
*Group 1 verbs
*Take ます off
*Change the last letter to ‘e’ sound
*書きます→書き→書け
*Group 2 verbs
*Take ます off
*Add ろ
*見ます→見→見ろ
*Group 3 verbs – Learn them!
*します→しろ
*来ます→来(こ)い
11. *
例:行きます 4.止めます
1.急ぎます 5.忘れます
2.立ちます 6.来ます
3.出します 7.運転します
行け 行くな
急げ 急ぐな
立て 立つな
出せ 出すな
止めろ 止めるな
忘れろ 忘れるな
来い 来るな
運転しろ 運転するな
Note: Verb stem + なさい is another imperative style. This is used by
parents to their children or by teachers. This is a little gentler than the
imperative form. So women use this style more instead of the
imperative. However, DON’T use this when you are speaking to a senior.
ちゃんと勉強しなさい。
しっかりしなさい。
質問に英語で答えなさい。
18. *
*Used in a same way as と言います or と思います.
*あの漢字は何と読むんですか。
*How do you read that kanji?
*あそこに「とまれ」と書いてあります。
*‘Tomare’ is written over there.
19. *
*This is used to define the meaning of the word.
という is coming from と言います. When
asking, use the interrogative どういう
*このマークはどういう意味ですか。
*What does this sign mean?
*洗濯機で洗えるという意味です。
*It means machine washable.
*Note: you could use こと as well for this use
*これはどういうことですか。
*What does this mean? (can also mean What
happened? – expecting an explanation)
*ここに入れないということです。
*It means that you can’t enter here.
26. *
*と言いましたis used when you quote a third person’s words, while と言
っていました is used when conveying a third person’s message.
*と伝えていただけませんか is used when you ask someone to pass the
message to a third person politely.
*田中さんは「あした休みます」と言っていました。
* Mr Tanaka said, “I will take a day off work tomorrow.”
*田中さんはあした休むと言っていました。
*Mr Tanaka said that he would take a day off work tomorrow.
*ワンさんに「後で電話をください」と伝えていただけませんか。
*Could you please tell Mr Wang to give me a call later?
*すみませんが、渡辺さんにあしたのパーティーは6時からだと伝えていた
だけませんか。
*Could you please tell Ms Watanabe that the party tomorrow will be from
6?
30. *
田中: how do you read this kanji?
本田: you read “jikkenchū”
田中: experiment (じっけん) in a house?! Ah! ベン was
a student in chemistry. I wonder what experiment it
might be.
本田: It is written “poison(どくやく), danger(きけん)”
so it will be a very dangerous(あぶない) experiment.
田中: What on earth (いったいぜんたい) she is doing!
本田: Ah! Speaking of which, ベン was saying that she
would disinfect (しょうどくする) the room today.
田中: I see….
32. *
ふみ: I have to go to London this Friday.
しんじ: But we have lessons on Friday.
ふみ: Yes. Would you please tell a teacher that I will go to London on
Friday? I have to apply for (しんせい) visa.
しんじ: OK. I got it.
(at university)
しんじ:Sir, Fumi was saying that she had to go to London today.
先生: Was she? Is Fumi OK?
しんじ: Yes. She was saying that she applied to visa.
先生: Was she? Can you tell Fumi that page 50 to 60 in the text book
will be her homework?
しんじ: Yes, I understand.
(later day)
しんじ: Fumi, the teacher was saying that
the homework is from page 50 to 60 in the text book.
ふみ: Nooooo! 10 pages!