7. ながら (while ~ing)
• Verb stem + ながら (while ~ing)
• Use 1
• 2 different actions happen at the same time. However, the
sentence/action with nagara is secondary action (not the
main action)
• 音楽を聞きながら食事します。
• I listen to music while eating a meal.
• Use 2
• 2 different actions happen over the period of time.
• 働きながら、日本語を勉強しています。
• I am working while studying Japanese. (I am working and
studying Japanese.)
8. ~ながら
眠いとき、ガムをかみながら、運転します。
When I am sleepy, I chew a gum while driving.
太郎、テレビを見ながら勉強してはいけませんよ。
Taro, don’t watch TV while studying.
(Taro, don’t watch TV when you are studying)
彼は、働きながら大学で勉強しています。
He works while studying at university.
16. し
FACT
• It is another way to join sentences when you want to give a few
reasons like から.
• 「し」is so closely associated with giving reasons, it is possible to
leave out the から(because) and replace it with another 「し」
• You can also use this to describe the merits or demerits of a
particular subject.
• You don’t need to change the last verb. (you only need to change
verbs if other sentences are following)
STRUCTURE
• Plain from of verbs, adjectives
• *な-adj and nouns need だ
+ し
17. Use of し
1. When you state a certain viewpoint, you can use this structure.
ワット先生は熱心だし、まじめだし経験もあります。それでみんなに人気があるん
です。
Professor Watt is earnest and diligent and has experience too. And that’s why he is
popular to everyone.
も is used when you want to emphasise.
それで is a conjunction used to show that what was said before it is the reason or
cause for the sentence following it.
2. This structure is also used to state causes or reasons when there is more than
one cause or reason. Use of this structure implies the meaning of “furthermore”
or “on top of that”. それに is often used when adding more similar fact or
situation.
駅から近いし、車でも来れるし、それにとても安いし、この店はとても便利です。
It’s near the station, and you can also come here by car and besides, it is very
cheap, so this shop is very convenient.
18. Use of し
息子に英語を教えていただけませんか。
…うーん、出張も多いし、もうすぐ日本語の試験もあるし。。。。
Could you teach English to my son?
… Sorry, I often go on business trips, and I have to take a Japanese exam
soon….
This sentences is giving excuses and leave the sentence unfinished because
the conclusion can be understood from the context.
3. There are cases when only one し is used and implies there are more
reasons. から doesn’t have this use.
色もきれいだし、この靴を買います。
Because the colour is beautiful ( and for some other reasons), I will buy this
pair of shoes.
30. てform + います
• Use 1
• Describe actions happening now.
• 先生が話しています。
• The teacher is talking (now).
• Use 2
• Describe an individual’s customary action.
• 毎朝、ジョギングをしています。
• I jog every morning.
• If this structure is used in the past tense, it describe an old
habit.
• 子どものとき、毎晩8時に寝ていました。
• I used to go to bed at 8 every evening when I was a child.
33. 話してみましょう。
さちこ:Emma, your eyes are red. Are you tired (疲れます)?
エマ:Yes, I am a little tired.
さちこ:What happened?
エマ:To tell the truth (じつは), I was reading a book till 3 in the morning
(夜中). Furthermore, I was running on a treadmill (ランニングマシーン)
while reading a book.
さちこ:Were you? That is tiring. But why were you reading a book till
such (そんなに) late?
エマ:The book was very interesting. Exciting story (わくわくする話) and
be able to do study of Japanese, so I couldn’t stop (やめる)it.
さちこ:What book is it?
エマ: It is “Harry Potter”. I am reading Harry Potter in Japanese.
さちこ:Ah, are you. I read it too. It is interesting, isn’t it?