1. History of Tourism

2. Tourism is derived from the Hebrew word:
TORAH
Which means studying, searching and
learning.

3. Along with existence of first human ancestors, the activity of
traveling started.
Early nomadic people did not travel only for leisure:
to look for food for survival

4. Early Tourism has two forms:

5. The invention of money, writing and
wheel by the Summerians
facilitated travel and exchange of
goods.
Both Greeks and Romans were well
– known traders and as their
respective empires increased, travel
became necessary.
The Roman traveler was largely
aided by improvement in
communication, first class roads
and inns. (the forerunner of the
modern day hotel).

6. Modern Tourism
Two technological developments:
Introduction of the railway system
Development of steam power

7. World War II
The war had introduced combatants not
only to new countries but to new
continents, generating new friendships and
an interest in different cultures
Air travel had become more comfortable,
safer, faster and cheaper in comparison
with other forms of transport
With the Introduction of the Boeing 707
jets in 1958, the age of air travel for the
masses arrived, hastening the decline of
sea travel
Improvements in air transport not only
encouraged greater transcontinental travel
but were instrumental in the growth of
intercontinental travel in 1960’s and 1970’s

8. After the post – war recovery years, there was
an increase in private car ownership
The private car provided flexible
transportation which freed people from the
schedules and fixed routes of public transport
The post – war economic recovery provided
the increase in discretionary income and
leisure time which many people converted
into increased recreation and travel.

9. TOURISM

10. the travel for recreational, leisure,family or
business purposes, usually of a limited
duration. Tourism is commonly associated
with trans-national travel, but may also refer
to travel to another location within the same
country.

11. • Tourism is commonly associated
with trans-national travel, but
may also refer to travel to
another location within the
same country.

12. TOURISM PLANNING AND
DEVELOPMENT

14. PLANNING
• Planning is a dynamic process of
determining goals, systematically
selecting alternative courses of
actions to achieve those goals,
implementing the chosen
alternatives, and evaluating the
choice to determine if it is successful.

15. TOURISM PLANNING

16. WHAT IS TOURISM PLANNING???
• Tourism planning is the process of
considering the needs of people planning
a trip and using those factors to
determine the best resources, programs
and activities for their trip. Tourism
planning is intended for local residents
and businesses of the location, as well as
tourists who travel there.

17. ESSENCE OF TOURISM PLANNING
• Tourism planning involves the coordination
with other government agencies to improve
tourism-related infrastructure. The planning
also extends to participation of the private
sector, the hotels and restaurants, travel
transport, and even popular outlets (like
Jollibee) that can help as information centers
(in the absence of actual tourist information
centers)

18. • The planning process is essential as it provides
plenty of resources and information for
travelers, while ensuring that the location and
local businesses provide everything needed to
improve their tourism. In tourism planning,
every factor is considered, ranging from
finding a variety of accommodations to fit
travelers' different wants and needs to
locating special programs and activities in that
location.

19. What are the consequences of having
a lack of tourism planning or poor
tourism planning?
• The consequences of having a lack of tourism
planning or poor tourism planning is that the
tourism industry is unorganized, the tourist
does not take the opportunity to travel, the
numbers of tourists decrease. and profits
decrease.

20. A. PHYSICAL IMPACTS
• Damage or permanent alteration of the
physical environment
• Damage or permanent alteration of the
historical/cultural landmarks and resources
• Overcrowding and congestion
• Pollution
• Traffic problems

22. B. HUMAN IMPACTS
• Less accessibility to services and tourist
attractions for local residents resulting in local
resentment
• Dislike of tourist by local residents
• Loss of cultural identities
• Lack of education of tourism employees in
skills and hospitality
• Lack of awareness of the benefits of tourism
to the destination area.

24. C. MARKETING IMPACTS
• Failure to capitalize on new marketing opportunities.
• Erosion of market shares due to the actions of
competitive destination area.
• Lack of sufficient awareness in prime markets
• Lack of clear image of destination area in potential
markets.
• Lack of cooperative advertising among individual
operators
• Inadequate capitalization in packaging opportunities.

25. D. ORGANIZATIONAL IMPACTS
• Fragmental approach to the marketing and
development of tourism, often involving
“competitive splinter groups”.
• Lack of cooperation among individual operators.
• Inadequate representation of the tourism
industry’s interests.
• Lack of support from local public authorities.
• Failure to act on important issues, problems and
opportunities of common interest to the industry.

26. E. OTHER IMPACTS
• Lack of sufficient attractions and events.
• High seasonality and short lengths of stay.
• Poor or deteriorating quality of facilities and
services.
• Poor or inadequate travel information
services.

27. TOURISM PLANNING IN DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
• In general planning for tourists is less difficult in
developed countries than it is in developing ones.
• Planning is important and should provide a
quality environment for both tourists and
residents.
• The planning process for tourism development is
the same as in city or regional planning. Most
problems involve policy decisions on alternative
land uses for the health and welfare of the
citizens.

28. • In countries with less control over the economic
sector, guidelines and ordinances can restrict
private development to prescribed areas, while in
others, all development can be directed by the
central government.
• Target countries or states can be identified as
potential tourist generators through research and
market analysis. Proper planning include
government assistance in direct advertising to
attract tourist.

29. • In developed countries, planning and
construction of infrastructure facilities is a
must particularly in areas that do not have
them. For regions that have existing
infrastructure, the planning process should
include alternatives to improve or further
develop it.

30. TOURISM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
• Tourism is important in bringing the much
needed foreign currency for developing
countries. Mexico and Spain for example have
benefited very much from tourism.
• Other advantages are increased employment
opportunities and the development of
infrastructure. Roads, water and sewage
systems provided for tourists also help local
industries.

31. • Planning in developing countries should consider
the cultural impact of tourism on the area. Many
times the culture may be so fragile that tourism
can greatly influence it particularly in developing
countries.
• In a developing society, people tend to adopt the
lifestyle of the tourists changing their clothing,
food and other customs. In this way the local
culture is greatly influenced or altered.

32. BARRIERS TO PLANNING
The following are the barriers to tourism
planning and the problems associated with it.
1. Many people are against planning in principle,
particularly within the free-enterprise system.
Many businessmen view tourism planning as an
encroachment into their domain and are
skeptical of its real value.

33. Classification of Travelers
Based on Personality
– Psychocentrics
– Allocentrics
Based on the Purpose of Travel
– Regular Business Traveler
– Business Traveler attending meetings,
conventions and congresses
– Incentive Travelers
Pleasure Travelers
– Resort Travelers
– Family pleasure travelers
– The elderly
– Singles and couples

34. Based on Personality:
Psychocentrics
@ people who are centered on self, are inhibited and
unadventuresome
@ they have the strong desire for consistency and the familiar
Allocentrics
@ people having interest and attention on the other
persons, are highly curious and thrive on stimulation
and change
@ they have a strong need for variety and new
experiences