2. Media Key Concept
GRANITE
Every media text belongs to a Genre (e.g. a horror film, dance
track, teen magazine)
Within that text, a person, place or object is being Represented in
some way, shape or form.
The Audience for that media text will make sense of it using their
personal and shared experiences.
The text also contains a Narrative, be it a photograph of war or
some bad gangsta lyrics about pimping your uncle
The text is constructed by the Ideology embedded within the text.
It was produced using some Technology, be it a Desk Top
Publishing software or hardware
The Evidence is the product itself which you can then reference
against other Experiences you've had with similar Media
3. Genre
Genres are defined by filmmakers and understood by audiences through
shared conventions and codes. Genre which is easily identified by
audiences who have expectations about what a particular film are called
generic codes and conventions. But films are also a good at illustrating how
genres can evolve into hybrids.
Generic Feature Explanation
Link to other Key
Concepts
Characterisation
A character who is presented in a media text we sometimes call them
stereotypes, it can refer to stars/actors who play a particular type of
role, personal qualities of main characters
Representation and
Narrative
Setting (Diegesis)
The geographical (place) and historical (context) of the text might help
identify genre.
Representation (cultural
ref)
Expectations
Audiences will have an understanding of similar/comparable texts to
help identify the genre. Previous knowledge of the genre also allows
audiences to predict narrative patterns.
Audience
Story
Often predictable plot lines and narrative structures allow us to
identify genre.
Narrative
Themes
The way in which ideas are explored, ideology is presented and
subject matter dealt with. Different genres will deal with these in
different ways.
Narrative
Mise-en-scene
(iconography)
A range of props/stock images and symbols which have fixed
connotations with a certain type of genre (Western - desert, hats,
guns.)
Media Language
Production
techniques
Creative use of camera techniques, lighting and sound. Can also be
linked to editing and use of colour.
Media Language
4. Representation
This is when an idea is re-presented by the media
texts
Despite the media being false or true, we still accept it
Common factors that represent media: Age, Ethnicity,
Gender,& Disability
We need to think about:
Who produced it?
What/who is represented in the text?
How is that thing represented?
Why was this particular representation selected?
What might the alternatives have been?
What frame of reference does the audience use when
understanding the representation?
5. Audience
People who consume any media text
Without audience there will be no media, no profit
Mass audience (broadcast audience): Mainstream, large
group
Niche audience: smaller but influential with unique interest
Categories:
Group A: Well paid professionals, doctors, lawyers
Group B: Fairly well paid professionals, teacher
Group C1: ‘white collar’ nurses, junior jobs
Group C2: ‘blue collar’ electricians ,plumbers
Group D: manual workers, drivers, post sorters
Group E: students, unemployed, pensioners
6. Narrative
Essentially, narrative is examining the story and
organisation of a media text.
A story that is created in a constructed format, that
describes a series of fictional or non-fictional events
Gender
Character
Form
Time
Joseph Campbell had a theory called The Hero’s
Journey. Which has three acts
Departure
Initiation
Return
7. Ideology
Dominant Ideology refers to the set of values,
beliefs and ideas held by an Institution, organisation
or audience
Hegemony fits in with the beliefs to ‘fit in’ & keep
their objections quiet
Examples:
Power
Education
Gender
Sexuality
Racism
Feminism
Nationality
Ownership
Stereotypes
Identity
Youth & politics
Crime
8. Institution
Creates & distributes media products
Logos: to establish what they are
Brand: Symbolises what it is
Conglomerates: a company that owns other large
company's
ASA: Advertising Standard Agency which make sure
all ads are legal, decent honest & truthful
Regulation: monitors ads, protects people from
inappropriateness & unsuitable ads.
Censorship: where media text cause harmful/
sensitive to the audience
Its more about the Institutions care about branding
and recognition rather than audience pleasures and
satisfactions.
9. Technology
Technology has changed the way that we
consume traditional media products and it is
worth examining for ideas and inspiration.
TV is now being produced in HD and films are
experimenting with new technologies all the
time, driving industries forward.
Audiences also drive demand for new
technologies, and this illustrates the reliance
upon audience and producer co-working
together to satisfy demands.
The olden Titanic is now being released in 3D!
11. Diegetic Sound – sound that can be heard by the
characters within a scene
Non-diegetic Sound – sound that the characters
cannot hear and is not part of the imaginary world of
the story
Score – The musical component of a programme’s
soundtrack
Sound Effects – sounds that are added to a film
during the post-production stage.
Sound
13. Editing: sound and images are organised into an overall narrative
Continuity Editing: create a sense of reality and time moving forward
Jump Cut: cut between two similar shots
Credits: the information at the beginning and end of a film, which gives details of cast and
crew
Cross Cutting: the editing technique of altering one narrative with another usually in
different locations or places
Cutaways: a shot that interrupts a scene & goes back
Freeze Frame: stopping a film in order to focus in on one event
Eye-line Match: shot of what the character has been looking at
Flashback: an event that happened earlier in the film’s narrative.
Graphic Match: two different objects of the same shape are dissolved from one into the
other
Juxtaposition: the placement of images on either side of an edit
Linear Narrative: a style of storytelling in which events happen chronologically.
Montage Editing: the juxtaposition of seemingly unconnected images in order to create
meaning.
Parallel Editing: two locations are cut together
Visual Effects: alter previously-filmed elements by adding, removing or enhancing objects
Match on Action: A shot that emphasises continuity of space and time by matching the
action of the preceding shot with the continuation of the action
Editing
14. Other Terms
Artificial Light: A source of light created by lighting
equipment, rather than from natural sources
Convention: a frequently used element which becomes
standard
Disequilibrium: the period of instability and insecurity in a
film’s narrative
Enigma: the question or mystery that is posed within a
film’s narrative.
Equilibrium: a state of peace and calm, which often exists
at the beginning of a film’s narrative
Framing: the selection of elements such as characters,
setting and iconography that appear within a shot
Genre: a film identification
Iconography: the objects within a film that are used to
evoke particular meanings
Intertextuality: reference within a film to another film,
media product, work of literature or piece of artwork
15. Camera Shot
Ariel Shot: shot taken from an overhead position
Close Up: object is shown on a large scale
Extreme Close Up: frame the scale very large, to show
part of body
Medium Shot: scale of object is in moderate size, waist
up
Two Shot: shot of 2 characters, usually to establish a sort
of relationship
POV Shot: camera placed in the characters eyes
Over the Shoulder Shot: looking behind a characters
shoulder
Overhead Shot: over the head shot
Reaction Shot: a shot that cuts away from main scene to
show the reaction
16. Camera Angles
Camera Angle: position of the camera
High Angle: looking down
Low Angle: looking up
Canted Framing: frame is not levelled, appearing
tipped
17. Camera Movement
Pan: movement of the camera
from left to right vice versa on a
tripod, produces space
horizontally
Track: camera follows the object
Crane Shot: moving through the
air in any direction on a crane
Steadicam: smooth shot, when
camera is moved very fast
Tilt: camera movement by
swivelling upward or downward,
Producing space vertically
Zoom lens: lens that change
during a shot
19. Denotation/Connotation
Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a
word, the "dictionary definition.“
For example, if you look up the word snake in a
dictionary, you will discover that it means "any of
numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous."
Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the
associations or the emotional suggestions
related to that word.
The connotations for the word snake could include
evil or danger.
20. Mise en scene: put into the frame
Props: object used
Costume: colour & style can have an impact on the
character
Lighting: the harshness or softness represents the
mood
Makeup: this can refer to masks, prosthetics and
special effects.
Mise-En-Scene
21. Colour Psychology
Black
Authority, power & overpowering
Makes people appear thinner & stylish
Black also implies submission & Evil
White
Innocence, purity, light, summer & neutral
Doctors and nurses wear white to imply sterility
Red
Emotionally intense colour, love, noticeable,
Red cars are popular targets for thieves
Furniture gets attention
Pink
Romantic & girly
Blue
Popular & loyalty
Opposite reaction as red.
Peaceful, calm &productive
Cold &depressing.
Good in gyms
Green
Improve vision
Nature, calming, refreshing
Dark green is masculine, conservative, and
implies wealth
Could bring bad luck for fashion
Yellow
Cheerful, attention, optimistic
Overpowering if overused
Concentration, metabolism
Purple
Royalty, luxury, wealth & sophistication
Feminine & romantic
Appear artificial
Brown
Solid, reliable ,earth
Light brown implies genuineness
dark brown wood or leather.
Sad, wistful
22. Audience Theory
The Hypodermic Needle Model: From the 1920s this theory explained how the mass
audience react to mass media. Suggesting that the audience receive information without
attempting to challenge the data. Governments have found ways to persuade audience and
produced propaganda to try & change the way people think
The Two Step Flow: In 1940 it was suggested that the reaction from the media comes from
an ‘Opinion Leader’ and then onto the individual following that leader.
The Use & Gratification has been developed where in 1948 Lasswell suggested
Surveillance, Correlation, Entertainment & Cultural transmission where the functions for
an individual reacting towards media. Where Blumler & Katz expanded this theory in 1974
stating that the audience may use these the purpose:
Diversion: escape from everyday routine/problem
Personal Relationships: emotional use/ subbing a character for yourself
Personal Identity: reflecting yourself/ learning behaviours & values
Surveillance: information that could be useful
Reception Theory: The audiences circumstance (gender, class, age, ethnicity), When text is
encoded by the producer & decoded by the reader , where Stuart Hall had a theory of 3
where:
Dominant: audience agree with the values
Negotiated: Audience agree with the values but disagree with certain aspects
Oppositional: audience disagree with the values
23. Genres in films
Action: high energy, big-budget physical stunts & chase,
rescues, battles, escapes, destruction, rhythm & pace
Sub-Genre: Disaster film e.g. Space Alien Invaders Attack Los
Angeles: Battle Los Angeles 2011
Adventure: exciting, historical searches, expeditions, lost
continents
Comedies: light hearted, amuse, exaggerated
Crime: criminals, bank robbers, underworld, law
Dramas: serious, plot, realistic, life stories
Epics: historical, imagined event, mythic, legendary
Horror: frighten, worst fears. Supernatural & fantasy
Musicals: song & dance routines
Sci-Fi: imaginative, heroes, aliens, planets, futuristic
War: heartbreak of war, fight on land or sea
Has many Subs
Westerns: American film industry, recognisable plot
25. Institution & Audience
Issues are raised by media ownerships
Importance in media goes across production,
distribution & marketing
Technologies have been introduced at the level of
production, distribution, marketing & exchange
The audience are changing
Translations: old practises are kept intact
Localization: take advantage of the technology,
making things more efficient
Film Industry