Infertility Presentation

1. INFERTILITY
FOR GRADES 10 -12
BY:
MIKAYLA SINGAS

2. WHAT IS INFERTILITY?
• Infertility is the inability to conceive after 12 months of trying -
unprotected intercourse
• If a woman can become pregnant but has reoccurring stillbirths
or miscarriages
• At the age of 35 the time span shortens to 6 months and
continues to decrease with each passing month

3. HOW COMMON IS INFERTILITY?
• Around 12% of women aged 15 to 44 years in the United States have
difficulty getting pregnant or carrying a pregnancy to term,
regardless of marital status
• 10%-15% of couples are affected by infertility
• In 35% of couples with infertility, a male factor is identified along
with a female factor and in about 8% of couples with infertility, a
male factor is the only identifiable factor
• Almost 9% of men aged 25 to 44 years in the United States reported
that they or their partner saw a doctor for advice, testing, or
treatment for infertility during their lifetime
• The longer a woman continues to try to get pregnant, the lower her
chances become of conceiving
• 85% of normal fertility couples WILL convince within a year of trying

4. CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN MEN?
• Sperm quality
• Evaluated by semen analysis where concentration, movement, and shape
of semen are examined by a specialist
• Disruption of testicular or ejaculatory function such as:
• Trauma to the testes
• Varicoceles condition - enlarged veins on the testes which causes them
to over heat
• Unhealthy lifestyle habits like smoking, elicit drug usage, and alcohol
usage
• Usage of certain supplements and medications
• Medical conditions like cystic fibrosis and diabetes
• Hormonal disorders that affect function of the hypothalamus or
pituitary glands

5. CAUSES OF INFERTILITY IN WOMEN
• Disruption of ovarian functions
• Irregular menstrual cycle and anovulation (not ovulating during a cycle)
• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (POCS) – causes anovulation and is the leading
cause of female infertility
• Diminished Ovarian Reserve (DOR) - condition where there are fewer eggs
remaining in the ovaries than normal
• Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) – ovaries fail before age 40
• Menopause – age appropriate decline in ovarian function
• Hormonal disorders that affect function of hypothalamus or pituitary
glands
• Abnormal uterine contour
• Evaluated by transvaginal ultrasound to look for fibroids (benign tumors)
• Fallopian tube obstruction - whether fallopian tubes are open, blocked, or
swollen
• Evaluated by X-ray

6. RISK FACTORS FOR INFERTILITY
MEN
• Being overweight or obese
• Excessive alcohol usage
• Smoking
• Marijuana usage
• Exposure to testosterone via
injections due to low levels or
steroid usage
• Exposure of high temperatures to
the testes such as men confided to
a wheel chair
• Exposure to radiation
• Exposure to environmental toxins
such as pesticides, lead, mercury
WOMEN
• Age
• Increases chance of miscarriage
• 1/3 of couples where the woman is
35 years or older have fertility
problems
• Smaller number of eggs left
• Eggs aren’t as healthy
• More likely to have health conditions
that affect infertility
• Being overweight or obese
• Extreme weight loss or gain
• Smoking
• Excessive alcohol usage
• Extreme physical or emotional

7. WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL GUIDANCE
• If the woman is younger than 35 years of age, after a year of
not being able to conceive is when her or the couple should
then go see a doctor
• 35 years and older is usually 6 months of trying before seeing a
doctor
• More than one miscarriage
• Irregular periods or painful periods
• Suspected male factor such as history of testicular trauma or
infertility with another partner
• Endometriosis – disease where the tissue that grows normally
inside the uterus, is growing outside the uterus

8. TESTING FOR INFERTILITY
MEN
• Gathering of his sexual
history
• Semen analysis
• Hormone testing – blood test
• Genetic testing
• Testicular Biopsy
• Imaging – brain MRI,
transrectal or scrotal
ultrasound, vasography
• Other specialty testing
WOMEN
• Gathering of her sexual history
• Ovulation and hormone testing
– blood test
• Hysterosalpingography -
evaluates conditional of the
uterus and fallopian tubes via
X-ray
• Ovarian reserve testing – tests
quality and quantity of eggs
• Imaging – pelvic ultrasound to

9. TREATMENT FOR MEN
• Changing negative life style factors
• Loosing weight, eating healthier, quitting smoking, drinking less or not
at all, and regularly exercising
• Medications – to improve sperm count or testicular function
• Surgery – may be used to reverse sperm blockage
• Sperm retrieval for Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART) or
when no sperm are present in ejaculation fluid
• Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) - A single healthy sperm
is injected directly into a mature egg

10. TREATMENT FOR WOMEN
• Stimulating ovulation with fertility drugs to regulate or induce
ovulation
• Main treatment for women who are infertile due to ovulation disorders
• Intrauterine insemination (IUI) – healthy sperm are placed directly in
the uterus around the time the woman’s ovary releases an egg(s)
• Surgery to restore fertility
• Medications
• Example - Clomiphene citrate (Clomid®*) which is used for PCOS and
ovulation issues
• Assisted reproductive technology (ART) - any fertility treatment in
which the egg and sperm are handled
• Donor eggs or sperm
• Assisted Hatching – implanting of embryo

11. SUCCESS RATES OF ASSISTED
REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
• The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) collects
the successful rates of assisted reproductive technologies that
lead to live births
• In 2014
• 37% in women younger than 35 years of age
• 30% in women aged 35 to 37 years
• 20% in women aged 38 to 40 years
• 10% in women aged 41 to 42 years
• 4% in women aged 43 to 44 years
• 1% in women older than 44 years of age

12. WORKS CITED
• Defining Infertility. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2017, from
ReproductiveFacts.org: http://www.reproductivefacts.org/news-and-
publications/patient-fact-sheets-and-booklets/fact-sheets-and-
info-booklets/defining-infertility/
• Mayo Clinic. (2017, August 17). Retrieved October 22, 2017, from
Infertility: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/infertility/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20354322
• Reproductive Health. (2017, March 30). Retrieved October 22, 2017,
from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/Infertility/